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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">donstu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2687-1653</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Don State Technical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23947/2687-1653-2023-23-3-296-306</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">donstu-2077</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, COMPUTER SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИНФОРМАТИКА, ВЫЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНАЯ ТЕХНИКА И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>GATCGGenerator: New Software for Generation of Quasirandom Nucleotide Sequences</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>GATCGGenerator: новый генератор для создания квазислучайных нуклеотидных последовательностей</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6476-5828</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кирьянова</surname><given-names>О. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kiryanova</surname><given-names>O. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ольга Юрьевна Кирьянова, ассистент кафедры цифровых технологий и моделирования</p><p>450064, Уфа, ул. Космонавтов, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga Yu. Kiryanova, Teaching assistant of the Department of Digital Technologies and Modeling</p><p>1, Kosmonavtov St., Ufa, 450064</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">olga.kiryanova27@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9087-7364</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гарафутдинов</surname><given-names>Р. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Garafutdinov</surname><given-names>R. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Равиль Ринатович Гарафутдинов, кандидат химических наук, заведующий лабораторией физико-химических методов анализа биополимеров</p><p>450054, Уфа, пр. Октября, 71</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ravil R. Garafutdinov, Cand.Sci. (Chemistry), Head of the Laboratory of Physico-Chemical Methods of Analysis of Biopolymer</p><p>71, Oktyabrya Av., Ufa, 450054, Bashkortostan Rep.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">garafutdinovr@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9848-2882</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Губайдуллин</surname><given-names>И. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gubaydullin</surname><given-names>I. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ирек Марсович Губайдуллин, доктор физико-математических наук, профессор, заведующий лабораторией математической химии</p><p>450075, Уфа, пр. Октября, 141</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irek M. Gubaydullin, Dr.Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Professor, Head of the Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry</p><p>141, Oktyabrya Av., Ufa, 450075, Bashkortostan Rep.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">irekmars@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8917-0449</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чемерис</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chemeris</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алексей Викторович Чемерис, доктор биологических наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник</p><p>450054,  Уфа, пр. Октября, 71</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksei V. Chemeris, Dr.Sci. (Biology), Professor, Chief Research Fellow</p><p>71, Oktyabrya Av., Ufa, 450054, Bashkortostan Rep.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">chemeris@anrb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Уфимский государственный нефтяной технический университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ufa State Aviation Technical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт биохимии и генетики — обособленное структурное подразделение Федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Уфимский федеральный исследовательский центр»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics — a separate structural subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre, RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт нефтехимии и катализа — обособленное структурное подразделение Федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Уфимский федеральный исследовательский центр»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis — a separate structural subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre, RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт биохимии и генетики — обособленное структурное подразделение Федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Уфимский федеральный исследовательский центр»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics —&#13;
a separate structural subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre, RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>296</fpage><lpage>306</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Kiryanova O.Y., Garafutdinov R.R., Gubaydullin I.M., Chemeris A.V., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кирьянова О.Ю., Гарафутдинов Р.Р., Губайдуллин И.М., Чемерис А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kiryanova O.Y., Garafutdinov R.R., Gubaydullin I.M., Chemeris A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/2077">https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/2077</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. In  recent  decades,  knowledge  about  DNA  has  been  increasingly  used  to  solve  biological  problems (calculations using DNA, long-term storage of information). Principally, we are talking about cases when it is required to select artificial nucleotide sequences. Special programs are used to create them. However, existing generators do not take into account the physicochemical properties of DNA and do not allow obtaining sequences with a pronounced “non-biological” structure. In fact, they generate sequences by distributing nucleotides randomly. The objective of this work is to create a generator of quasirandom sequences with a special nucleotide structure. It should take into account some physicochemical features of nucleotide structures, and it will be involved in storing non-biological information in DNA.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. A new GATCGGenerator software for generating quasirandom sequences of nucleotides was described. It was presented as SaaS (from “software as a service”), which provided its availability from various devices and platforms. The program generated sequences of a certain structure taking into account the guanine-cytosine (GC) composition and the content of dinucleotides. The performance of the new program algorithm was presented. The requirements for the generated nucleotide sequences were set using a chat in Telegram, the interaction with the user was clearly shown. The differences between the input parameters and the specific nucleotide structures obtained as a result of the program were determined and generalized. Also, the time costs of generating sequences for different input data were given in comparison. Short sequences differing in type, length, GC composition and dinucleotide content were studied. The tabular form shows how the input and output parameters are correlated in this case.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The developed software was compared to existing nucleotide sequence generators. It has been established that the generated sequences differ in structure from the known DNA sequences of living organisms, which means that they can be used as auxiliary or masking oligonucleotides suitable for molecular biological manipulations (e.g., amplification reactions), as well as for storing non-biological information (images, texts, etc.) in DNA molecules. The proposed solution makes it possible to form specific sequences from 20 to 5 000 nucleotides long with a given number of dinucleotides and without homopolymer fragments. More stringent generation conditions remove known limitations and provide the creation of quasirandom sequences of nucleotides according to specified input parameters. In addition to the number and length of sequences, it is possible to determine the GC composition, the content of dinucleotides, and the nature of the nucleic  acid  (DNA  or  RNA)  in  advance.  Examples  of  short  sequences  differing  in  length,  GC  composition  and dinucleotide content are given. The obtained 30-nucleotide sequences were tested. The absence of 100 % homology with known DNA sequences of living organisms was established. The maximum coincidence was observed for the generated sequences with a length of 25 nucleotides (similarity of about 80 %). Thus, it has been proved that GATCGGenerator can generate non-biological nucleotide sequences with high efficiency.</p><p>Discussion and Conclusion. The new generator provides the creation of nucleotide sequences in silico with a given GC composition. The solution makes it possible to exclude homopolymer fragments, which improves qualitatively the physicochemical stability of sequences.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. В последние десятилетия знания о ДНК все шире применяются для решения небиологических задач (вычисления с помощью ДНК, долговременное хранение информации). В первую очередь речь идет о случаях, когда необходимо подобрать искусственные нуклеотидные последовательности. Для их создания используются специальные программы. Однако существующие генераторы не учитывают физико-химические свойства ДНК и не позволяют получать последовательности с явно выраженной «небиологической» структурой. Фактически они генерируют последовательности, распределяя нуклеотиды случайным образом. Целью данной работы является создание генератора  квазислучайных последовательностей  с  особой  нуклеотидной  структурой.  Он  должен учитывать  некоторые  физико-химические  особенности  нуклеотидных  структур  и  будет  задействован  при хранении небиологической информации в ДНК.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы  и  методы</title><p>Материалы  и  методы. Описано новое  программное  обеспечение  GATCGGenerator для  генерации квазислучайных  последовательностей  нуклеотидов.  Оно  предоставляется  как  SaaS (от  англ.  software as a service — программное  обеспечение  как  услуга),  что обеспечивает  его  доступность  с  разных  устройств  и платформ.  Программа  генерирует  последовательности  определенной  структуры с  учетом гуанинцитозинового (GC)  состава и  содержания динуклеотидов. Представлена  работа  алгоритма  новой  программы.  Требования  к  сгенерированным  нуклеотидным  последовательностям  заданы  с  помощью  чата в  «Телеграм» (Telegram),  наглядно  показано  взаимодействие  с  пользователем.  Определены  и  обобщены различия  входных  параметров  и  получаемых  в  результате  работы  программы  конкретных  нуклеотидных структур.  Также  в  сопоставлении  даны  временные  затраты  генерации  последовательностей  при  различных входных  данных.  Изучены  короткие  последовательности,  различающиеся  по  типу,  длине,  GC-составу  и содержанию динуклеотидов. В табличном виде показано, как в этом случае соотносятся входные и выходные параметры.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты исследования</title><p>Результаты исследования. Созданное программное  обеспечение сравнили  с  существующими  генераторами нуклеотидных  последовательностей.  Установлено,  что  генерируемые  последовательности  отличаются  по структуре  от  известных  ДНК-последовательностей  живых  организмов,  а  значит, могут  быть  использованы  в качестве  вспомогательных  или  маскирующих  олигонуклеотидов,  пригодных для  молекулярно-биологических манипуляций (например — реакции амплификации), а также для хранения в молекулах ДНК небиологической информации  (изображений,  текстов и т. д.). Предложенное  решение  дает  возможность  формировать специфические последовательности длиной от 20 до 5 000 нуклеотидов с заданным числом динуклеотидов и без гомополимерных  участков.  Более  жесткие  условия  генерации  снимают  известные  ограничения  и  позволяют создавать  квазислучайные  последовательности  нуклеотидов  по  заданным  входным  параметрам. Кроме количества и длины последовательностей можно заранее определить GC-состав, содержание динуклеотидов и природу нуклеиновой кислоты (ДНК или РНК).</p><p>Приводятся  примеры  коротких  последовательностей,  различающихся  по  длине,  GC-составу  и  содержанию динуклеотидов.</p><p>Полученные 30-нуклеотидные последовательности прошли проверку. Установлено отсутствие 100-процентной гомологии  с  известными  ДНК-последовательностями  живых  организмов.  Максимальное  совпадение наблюдалось для сгенерированных последовательностей длиной 25 нуклеотидов (сходство около 80 %). Таким образом  доказано,  что  GATCGGenerator  может  с  высокой  эффективностью  генерировать  небиологические нуклеотидные последовательности.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение и заключение</title><p>Обсуждение и заключение. Новый генератор позволяет создавать нуклеотидные последовательности in silico с заданным  GC-составом.  Решение  дает  возможность  исключить  гомополимерные  фрагменты,  что  качественно улучшает физико-химическую стабильность последовательностей.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>GATCGGenerator</kwd><kwd>генератор нуклеотидных последовательностей</kwd><kwd>синтетические нуклеиновые кислоты</kwd><kwd>случайные последовательности</kwd><kwd>хранение данных в ДНК</kwd><kwd>стеганография</kwd><kwd>NYRN-олигонуклеотиды</kwd><kwd>вычисления с помощью ДНК</kwd><kwd>криптография</kwd><kwd>ДНК-метчики в гидрологии</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>GATCGGenerator</kwd><kwd>nucleotide sequences generator</kwd><kwd>synthetic nucleic acids</kwd><kwd>random sequences</kwd><kwd>data storage in DNA</kwd><kwd>steganography</kwd><kwd>NYRN-oligonucleotides</kwd><kwd>calculations with DNA</kwd><kwd>cryptography</kwd><kwd>DNA-tagging in hydrology</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Авторы выражают признательность рецензентам за ценные замечания, способствовавшие улучшению статьи. 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