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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">donstu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2687-1653</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Don State Technical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23947/2687-1653-2023-23-4-398-409</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">PDPGGO</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">donstu-2110</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, COMPUTER SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИНФОРМАТИКА, ВЫЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНАЯ ТЕХНИКА И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Automation of the Formation of a Mathematical Formulation of Kinetics for Multistage Chemical Reactions and Numerical Solution to a Direct Problem</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Автоматизация формирования математического описания кинетики для многостадийных химических реакций и численное решение прямой задачи</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2898-0595</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лысенко</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lysenko</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Никита Андреевич Лысенко, магистрант кафедры информационные технологии и прикладная математика, <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/IVV-1647-2023" ext-link-type="uri">ResearcherID</ext-link></p><p>450064, г. Уфа, ул. Космонавтов, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikita A. Lysenko, undergraduate student of the Information Technology and Applied Mathematics Department, <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/IVV-1647-2023" ext-link-type="uri">ResearcherID</ext-link></p><p>1, Kosmonavtov St., Ufa, 450064</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nikitka_lysenko_2016@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8555-0543</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коледина</surname><given-names>К. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Koledina</surname><given-names>K. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Камила Феликсовна Коледина, доктор физико-математических наук, профессор кафедры информационные технологии и прикладная математика; старший научный сотрудник лаборатории математической химии, <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/L-4918-2016" ext-link-type="uri">ResearcherID</ext-link>, <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56005881200" ext-link-type="uri">ScopusID</ext-link></p><p>450064, г. Уфа, ул. Космонавтов, 1</p><p>450075, г. Уфа, проспект Октября, 141</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kamila F. Koledina, Dr.Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Professor  of the Information Technology and Applied Mathematics Department; Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry, <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/L-4918-2016" ext-link-type="uri">ResearcherID</ext-link>, <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56005881200" ext-link-type="uri">ScopusID</ext-link></p><p>1, Kosmonavtov St., Ufa, 450064</p><p>141, pr. Oktyabrya, Ufa, 450075</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">koledinakamila@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Уфимский государственный нефтяной технический университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ufa State Petroleum Technological University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Уфимский государственный нефтяной технический университет; Институт нефтехимии и катализа УФИЦ РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ufa State Petroleum Technological University; Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, UFRC RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>398</fpage><lpage>409</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Lysenko N.A., Koledina K.F., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лысенко Н.А., Коледина К.Ф.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lysenko N.A., Koledina K.F.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/2110">https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/2110</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The basis for research, analysis and mathematical optimization of any chemical process is an adequate mathematical model that takes into account the kinetics of the object. Kinetic analysis is a challenge in chemical technology, since it allows for optimizing synthesis processes and predicting their efficiency. Numerous chemical processes involve several stage reactions. For successful design and optimization, a mathematical model that describes each stage is needed. Creating such a model manually can be time-consuming and costly, since it requires processing a large amount of information. The modern level of automation makes it possible to accelerate the obtaining of a mathematical formulation of the kinetics of multistage reactions. In this case, working with data is greatly simplified, and the probability of making mistakes is reduced. The resulting mathematical model can be applied for further analysis and optimization of the process. The paper considers the industrial reaction of catalytic reforming of gasoline, which occupies an important place in the modern scheme of oil refining, since it is a source of high-octane components of commercial gasolines and individual aromatic hydrocarbons. This process is characterized by the participation of a large number (up to 300) of various hydrocarbons, a change in the number of moles, and non-isothermality in it. Mathematical modeling of such processes involves detailing the stages to the required level. The detailing of up to 173 stages is considered. In this setting, automation of the formation of a mathematical formulation of kinetics for catalytic reforming of gasoline has not been carried out before. Therefore, the presented work aimed at implementing effective numerical methods and algorithms for automating the building of a mathematical model taking into account kinetics, thermodynamics, and changes in the number of moles.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. The mathematical formulation of the kinetics of multistage reactions was developed on the basis of the mass action law. The kinetic parameters values were taken from literary sources. The direct kinetics problem was solved using algorithms: the Gear method, the Runge-Kutta method of the 4th order, and the scipy.odeint() method of the Python language. The automation concept was implemented using the IDEF0 methodology. The software was written in the Python programming language.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. A new software was created to automate the process of forming a mathematical model, taking into account the kinetics, thermodynamics, and the volume of the reaction mixture. The program results were presented by the example of catalytic reforming of gasoline. The model implemented the possibility of taking into account the intermediate heating of the mixture in the reactor cascade. Numerical values of temperature changes corresponding to industrial data were obtained.</p><p>Discussion and Conclusion. The results obtained through modeling chemical transformations in the cascade of gasoline catalytic reforming reactors confirmed the exothermic nature of the reaction. The developed software product provides displaying changes in the concentrations of reactants, as well as temperature variations in the reactor, and it can be used in scientific research organizations for the analysis of multistage catalytic processes. The results of the reaction kinetics modeling will be used in the subsequent optimization of the process conditions in production.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Основой для исследования, анализа и математической оптимизации любого химического процесса является адекватная математическая модель, учитывающая кинетику объекта. Кинетический анализ в химической технологии является важной задачей, поскольку позволяет оптимизировать процессы синтеза и прогнозировать их эффективность. Многие химические процессы включают в себя несколько стадийных реакций. Для успешного проектирования и оптимизации необходима математическая модель, которая описывает каждую стадию. Создание такой модели вручную может быть трудоемким и затратным процессом, требующим обработки большого объема информации. Современный уровень автоматизации позволяет ускорить получение математического описания кинетики многостадийных реакций. В этом случае значительно упрощается работа с данными и уменьшается вероятность совершения ошибок. Полученная математическая модель может быть применена для последующего анализа и оптимизации процесса. В работе рассмотрена промышленная реакция каталитического риформинга бензина, занимающая важное место в современной схеме переработки нефти, поскольку является источником высокооктановых компонентов товарных бензинов и индивидуальных ароматических углеводородов. Данный процесс характеризуется участием в нем большого числа (до 300) различных углеводородов, изменением числа молей и неизотермичностью. Математическое моделирование таких процессов предполагает детализацию стадий до необходимого уровня. Рассмотрена детализация до 173 стадий. В такой постановке задачи автоматизация формирования математического описания кинетики для каталитического риформинга бензинов ранее не проводилась. Поэтому целью представленной работы явилась реализация эффективных численных методов и алгоритмов для автоматизации формирования математической модели с учётом кинетики, термодинамики и изменения числа молей.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Математическое описание кинетики многостадийных реакций разрабатывается на основе закона действующих масс. Значения кинетических параметров взяты из литературных источников.  Решение прямой задачи кинетики проводилось с применением следующих алгоритмов: метод Гира, Рунге-Кутты 4 порядка и метод scipy.odeint() языка Python. Концепция автоматизации реализована с помощью методологии IDEF0. Программное обеспечение написано на языке программирования Python.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты исследования</title><p>Результаты исследования. Создано новое программное обеспечение для автоматизации процесса формирования математической модели с учетом кинетики, термодинамики и учета объема реакционной смеси. Приведены результаты работы программы на примере каталитического риформинга бензина. Реализована возможность учета в модели промежуточного подогрева смеси в каскаде реакторов. Получены численные значения изменения температуры, соответствующие промышленным данным.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение и заключение</title><p>Обсуждение и заключение. Результаты, полученные при моделировании химических превращений в каскаде реакторов каталитического риформинга бензина, подтвердили экзотермический характер реакции.</p><p>Разработанный программный продукт позволяет отобразить изменения концентраций веществ реакции, а также изменение температуры в реакторе и может быть использован в научных исследованиях организаций для анализа многостадийных каталитических процессов. Результаты моделирования кинетики реакции будут использоваться в последующей оптимизации условий проведения процесса на производстве.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>кинетический анализ</kwd><kwd>математическое описание</kwd><kwd>автоматизация</kwd><kwd>система дифференциальных уравнений</kwd><kwd>прямая задача</kwd><kwd>методы численного решения</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>kinetic analysis</kwd><kwd>mathematical formulation</kwd><kwd>automation</kwd><kwd>differential equation system</kwd><kwd>direct problem</kwd><kwd>computational methods</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках лидерского проекта «Разработка компьютерной системы анализа кинетики химических процессов и их многокритериальной оптимизации» Уфимского государственного нефтяного технического университета.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research was done within the framework of the leadership project “Development of a computer system for analyzing the kinetics of chemical processes and their multicriteria optimization”, Ufa State Petroleum Technological University.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нарышкин Д.Г. 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