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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">donstu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2687-1653</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Don State Technical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23947/2687-1653-2023-23-4-433-450</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">RKAOTZ</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">donstu-2113</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, COMPUTER SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИНФОРМАТИКА, ВЫЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНАЯ ТЕХНИКА И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Modeling of Ultrasonic Flaw Detection Processes in the Task of Searching and Visualizing Internal Defects in Assemblies and Structures</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Моделирование процессов ультразвуковой дефектоскопии в задаче поиска и визуализации внутренних дефектов в узлах агрегатов и конструкций</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2920-6478</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соболь</surname><given-names>Б. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sobol</surname><given-names>B. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Борис Владимирович Соболь, доктор технических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой информационных технологий, <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=15221346300" ext-link-type="uri">Scopus ID</ext-link></p><p>344003, г. Ростов-на-Дону, пл. Гагарина, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Boris V. Sobol, Dr.Sci. (Eng.), Professor, Head of the Information Technologies Department, <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=15221346300" ext-link-type="uri">Scopus ID</ext-link></p><p>1, Gagarin sq., Rostov-on-Don, 344003</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">b.sobol@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8465-5554</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соловьев</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Soloviev</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аркадий Николаевич Соловьев, доктор физико-математических наук, профессор, <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/H-7906-2016" ext-link-type="uri">ResearcherID</ext-link>, <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=55389991900" ext-link-type="uri">ScopusID</ext-link></p><p>295015, г. Симферополь, пер. Учебный, д. 8</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Arkadiy N. Soloviev, Dr.Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Professor,  <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/H-7906-2016" ext-link-type="uri">ResearcherID</ext-link>, <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=55389991900" ext-link-type="uri">ScopusID</ext-link></p><p>8, Uchebnyy Ln, Simferopol, 295015</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">solovievarc@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4112-7449</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Васильев</surname><given-names>П. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasiliev</surname><given-names>P. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Павел Владимирович Васильев, старший преподаватель кафедры информационных технологий, ScopusID</p><p>344003, г. Ростов-на-Дону, пл. Гагарина, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Pavel V. Vasiliev, Senior Lecturer of the Information Technologies Department, <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57193327081" ext-link-type="uri">Scopus ID</ext-link></p><p>1, Gagarin sq., Rostov-on-Don, 344003</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lyftzeigen@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5809-8504</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ляпин</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lyapin</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александр Александрович Ляпин, доктор физико-математических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой информационных систем в строительстве, ScopusID</p><p>344003, г. Ростов-на-Дону, пл. Гагарина, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexandr A. Lyapin, Dr.Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Professor, Head of the Information Systems in Civil Engineering Department, ScopusID</p><p>1, Gagarin sq., Rostov-on-Don, 344003</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lyapin.rnd@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Донской государственный технический университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Don State Technical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Крымский инженерно-педагогический университет имени Февзи Якубова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University named after Fevzi Yakubov</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>433</fpage><lpage>450</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Sobol B.V., Soloviev A.N., Vasiliev P.V., Lyapin A.A., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Соболь Б.В., Соловьев А.Н., Васильев П.В., Ляпин А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sobol B.V., Soloviev A.N., Vasiliev P.V., Lyapin A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/2113">https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/2113</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Inverse problems are a specific type of tasks where the consequences of phenomena are studied to identify their causes. They are widely used in scientific studies, specifically, those dealing with large amounts of experimental data. In the presented paper, inverse problems in mechanical engineering and structural diagnostics are considered. These areas require precise methods to identify internal defects in various materials, which can be critical to ensure the safety and efficiency of technical structures. Despite the many flaw detection methods available, there is a need for innovative developments that can provide higher accuracy and efficiency. This study integrates different scientific methods and technologies. It opens up new perspectives in nondestructive testing for the detection of internal defects in various materials and structures. Its objective is to develop and implement nondestructive testing methods based on a neural network device to improve the accuracy of defect identification, as well as to build a neural network model and evaluate its effectiveness for the refinement of ultrasonic visualization of internal defects in solid materials. In this regard, the task to be solved is to create a reliable tool for accurate visualization of sizes, shapes, location and orientation of internal defects in various materials.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. The technique of determining the geometric parameters of defects in materials through nondestructive testing is used. The approach combining modeling of ultrasonic wave propagation in acoustic medium and artificial neural network technologies is applied. This approach identifies nonlinear relationships between the geometry of defects and the amplitude-frequency and amplitude-time data obtained during signal analysis. Artificial neural networks are a model that can be trained on examples, which provides for an effective solution to problems that are difficult to express in traditional forms. The study uses the finite difference method in the time domain. It is applied to identify and visualize internal defects in materials using ultrasonic nondestructive testing and convolutional generative neural networks.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. A convolutional neural network has been developed to visualize internal defects using ultrasonic nondestructive testing techniques. This neural network successfully determines the size of defects, their location, shape and orientation with high accuracy and reliability.</p><p>Discussion and Conclusion. The authors highlight the key influence of defect size on the accuracy of ultrasonic imaging in various scenarios. The validation of the model for three different cases of defects with different mechanical parameters has shown that for successful visualization of defects, the wavelength of the ultrasonic pulse must be ten times smaller than the size of the defect. When analyzing the impact of defect size on the accuracy of the neural network, it is found that the visualization error increases for defects of smaller size. It has also been found that the relative speed of sound in materials has a greater effect on the accuracy of the method than the relative density of the material. Based on the results obtained by the authors, it can be argued that the developed methods and technical solutions are of great importance for future research in the field of flaw detection. They have significant potential for scientific and practical applications.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Обратные задачи представляют собой специфический тип задач, где изучаются последствия явлений с целью определения их причин. Они широко используются в научных исследованиях, особенно тех, что имеют дело с большими объемами экспериментальных данных. В представленном исследовании рассмотрены обратные задачи в машиностроении и диагностике конструкций. Эти области требуют точных методов для выявления в различных материалах внутренних дефектов, которые могут иметь критические значения для обеспечения безопасности и эффективности использования технических конструкций. Несмотря на множество имеющихся методов дефектоскопии существует потребность в инновационных разработках, способных обеспечить ее более высокую точность и эффективность. В данном исследовании объединены различные научные методы и технологии, оно открывает новые перспективы в неразрушающем контроле для обнаружения внутренних дефектов в различных материалах и структурах. Его цель — развитие и внедрение методов неразрушающего контроля на основе нейросетевого аппарата для повышения точности идентификации дефектов, а также разработка нейросетевой модели и оценка ее эффективности для усовершенствования процесса ультразвуковой визуализации внутренних дефектов в твердых материалах. В связи с этим задача, которую предстоит решить для достижения поставленной цели, заключается в создании надежного инструмента для точной визуализации размеров, форм, местоположения и ориентации внутренних дефектов в различных материалах.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Применяется методика определения геометрических параметров дефектов в материалах с использованием неразрушающего контроля. Также используется метод, объединяющий моделирование распространения ультразвуковых волн в акустической среде и технологии искусственных нейронных сетей. Он выявляет нелинейные связи между геометрическими характеристиками дефектов и амплитудно-частотными и амплитудно-временными данными, полученными при анализе сигналов. Искусственные нейронные сети представляют собой модель, которая может обучаться на примерах, что позволяет эффективно решать задачи, которые сложно выразить в традиционных формах. В исследовании используется метод конечных разностей во временной области. Он применяется для идентификации и визуализации внутренних дефектов в материалах с использованием ультразвукового неразрушающего контроля и сверточных генеративных нейронных сетей.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты исследования</title><p>Результаты исследования. Разработана сверточная нейронная сеть для визуализации внутренних дефектов с использованием техник ультразвукового неразрушающего контроля. Эта нейронная сеть успешно определяет размер дефектов, их местоположение, форму и ориентацию с высокой точностью и надежностью.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение и заключение</title><p>Обсуждение и заключение. Авторы подчеркивают ключевое влияние размера дефекта на точность ультразвуковой визуализации в различных сценариях. Проведенная валидация модели для трех различных случаев дефектов с разными механическими параметрами показала, что для успешной визуализации дефектов длина волны ультразвукового импульса должна быть в десятки раз меньше размера дефекта. При анализе влияния размера дефектов на точность работы нейронной сети выявлено, что ошибка визуализации увеличивается для дефектов меньшего размера.</p><p>Установлено также, что относительная скорость звука в материалах оказывает большее влияние на точность метода, чем относительная плотность материала. На основании полученных авторами результатов можно утверждать, что разработанные методики и технические решения имеют большое значение для будущих исследований в области дефектоскопии, обладают весомым потенциалом для научных и практических сфер применения.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ультразвуковой неразрушающий контроль</kwd><kwd>дефекты</kwd><kwd>ультразвуковой отклик</kwd><kwd>сверточные нейронные сети</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ultrasonic nondestructive testing</kwd><kwd>defects</kwd><kwd>ultrasonic response</kwd><kwd>convolutional neural networks</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Авторы выражают благодарность редакции и рецензентам за внимательное отношение к статье и указанные замечания, которые позволили повысить ее качество.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The authors would like to thank the Editorial board and the reviewers for their attentive attitude to the article and for the specified comments that improved the quality of the article.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Samanta S., Mandal A., Thingujam J.S. 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