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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">donstu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2687-1653</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Don State Technical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23947/2687-1653-2024-24-2-148-158</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">VPUERG</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">donstu-2214</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MECHANICS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕХАНИКА</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>On a Method for Calculating Bending and Shear Vibrations of a Porous Piezoelement  in the Low-Frequency Region</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Об одном методе расчета изгибных и сдвиговых колебаний пористого пьезоэлемента в низкочастотной области</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8465-5554</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соловьев</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Soloviev</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аркадий Николаевич Соловьев, доктор физико-математических наук, профессор кафедры математики и физики; профессор кафедры теоретической и прикладной механики; главный научный сотрудник</p><p>г. Симферополь, пер. Учебный, д. 8  ; 344003, г. Ростов-на-Дону, пл. Гагарина, 1; 344006, г. Ростов-на-Дону, ул. Большая Садовая, 105/42 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Arkadiy N. Soloviev, Dr.Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Professor of the Mathematics and Physics Department; Professor of the Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Department; Chief Researcher</p><p>8, Uchebnyi Lane, Simferopol);   D1, Gagarin sq., Rostov-on-Don, 344003;  105/42, Bolshaya Sadovaya Str., Rostov-on-Don, 344006</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">solovievarc@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1686-5589</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чебаненко</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chebanenko</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Валерий Александрович Чебаненко, кандидат физико-математических наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории транспорта, композиционных материалов и конструкций федерального исследовательского центра «Южный научный центр Российской академии наук»</p><p>344006, г. Ростов-на-Дону, пр. Чехова, 41 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Valery A. Chebanenko, Cand.Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Transport, Composite Materials and Structures,  Southern Research Cente</p><p>41, Chekhova Av., Rostov-on-Don, 344006</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2311-7562</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Оганесян</surname><given-names>П. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Oganesyan</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Павел Артурович Оганесян, кандидат физико-математических наук, доцент кафедры математического моделирования института математики, механики и компьютерных наук им. И.И. Воровича</p><p>344058, г. Ростов-на-Дону, ул. Мильчакова, 8 а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Pavel A. Oganesyan, Cand.Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Associate Professor of the Mathematical Modeling Department, Institute of Mathematics, Mechanics and Computer Science</p><p>8a, Milchakova Str., Rostov-on-Don, 344058</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4434-0822</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фоменко</surname><given-names>Е. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fomenko</surname><given-names>E. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Елизавета Ивановна Фоменко, магистрант кафедры математического моделирования института математики, механики и компьютерных наук им. И.И. Воровича</p><p>344058, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. Мильчакова, 8 а </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elizaveta I. Fomenko, graduate student of the  Mathematical Modeling  Department, Institute of Mathematics, Mechanics and Computer Science,</p><p>8a, Milchakova Str., Rostov-on-Don, 344058</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Крымский инженерно-педагогический университет имени Февзи Якубова; Южный Федеральный Университет; Донской государственный технический университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University named after Fevzi Yakubov; Southern Federal University; Don State Technical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Южный Федеральный Университет; Донской государственный технический университет; Южный Научный центр РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Southern Federal University; Don State Technical University; Southern Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Южный Федеральный Университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Southern Federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>148</fpage><lpage>158</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Soloviev A.N., Chebanenko V.A., Oganesyan P.A., Fomenko E.I., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Соловьев А.Н., Чебаненко В.А., Оганесян П.А., Фоменко Е.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Soloviev A.N., Chebanenko V.A., Oganesyan P.A., Fomenko E.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/2214">https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/2214</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Devices for collecting and storing energy from the external environment are low-power sources of electric energy that are actively used. The autonomous devices for monitoring the damaged condition of various structures include them as well. The working element of these devices is a piezoelectric generator (PEG) — a converter of mechanical energy into electrical energy. The design of PEG is associated with the preliminary construction of their mathematical and computer models, with the help of which the calculation and optimization of structures is carried out. One of the ways to model and calculate PEG is to develop approximate calculation methods based on applied theories. The applied theories for calculating bending vibrations of multilayer piezoactive plates are known and previously developed in the literature. However, in the scientific literature there is not enough information about bending and shear vibrations as a tool for improving the efficiency of engineering calculations of the described structures. The objective of this work was to develop an applied method for calculating bending and shear vibrations of piezoceramic plates, including porous ones.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. Piezoceramics PZT-4, including porous ones, were used as the piezoactive material of the plate. When using porous ceramics, the rigidity of the structure decreased to a greater extent than the piezoelectric modules, which made it possible to obtain a more effective PEG under mechanical action. The mathematical formulation was carried out within the framework of the linear theory of electroelasticity with plate polarization in thickness. The sides of the plate were electrodated, the right side was fixed, and a smooth contact in the vertical wall was set on the left side. Steady-state vibrations of the plate were caused by pressure on the front surfaces of the plate or the difference in electrical potentials at the electrodes. To calculate the characteristics of PEG, the authors proposed an applied theory based on hypotheses about the distribution of characteristics of the stress-strain state and the electric field.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Transverse vibrations of a piezoceramic plate in the low-frequency region (below the first bending-shear resonance) were studied. Due to the fact that the mathematical formulation was considered within the framework of the linear theory of elasticity, the problem was divided into the sum of two. The first one took into account the mechanical effect: a distributed load and a transverse force at the left end acted on the front surfaces of the plate, and the potentials at the electrodes were zero. In the second task, there were no mechanical loads, but the potential difference was set at the electrodes. Based on hypotheses about the distribution of deformations, mechanical stresses and electric potential, both problems were reduced to a system of ordinary differential equations and boundary conditions. Comparison with the results of calculations by the finite element method in the ACELAN package showed the adequacy of the proposed applied theory in the low-frequency region.</p><p>Discussion and Conclusion. Since the formulation of the problem was considered in the linear theory of electroelasticity, and the low-frequency region was studied, the work succeeded in dividing the problem of bending-shear vibrations of a porous piezoceramic plate into two: bending — with mechanical action at zero potentials, and shear — when setting the potential difference and zero mechanical action. The corresponding hypotheses about bending and shear were used. Two systems of ordinary differential equations and boundary conditions, which were solved analytically without the use of “heavy” finite element packages, were constructed. To compare the results and confirm the adequacy of the proposed method, the finite element modeling of such tasks was carried out in a specialized ACELAN package. The comparison showed that the error in determining displacements and electric potential when using this approach, in the case of setting mechanical loads and potential differences, did not exceed 6%. The method developed in the paper can be applied in the design of piezoelectric generators for energy storage in the low-frequency region.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Устройства сбора и накопления энергии из внешней среды представляют собой маломощные источники электрической энергии, которые активно используются, в том числе в автономных приборах мониторинга поврежденного состояния различных конструкций. Рабочим элементом этих устройств является пьезоэлектрический генератор (ПЭГ) — преобразователь механической энергии в электрическую. Конструирование ПЭГ связано с предварительным построением их математических и компьютерных моделей, с помощью которых производится расчет и оптимизация конструкций. Одним из способов моделирования и расчета ПЭГ является разработка приближенных методов расчета на основе прикладных теорий. В литературе известны и ранее разработаны прикладные теории расчета изгибных колебаний многослойных пьезоактивных пластин. Однако информации об изгибно-сдвиговых колебаниях, как инструменте повышения эффективности инженерных расчетов описанных конструкций, в научной литературе недостаточно. Целью настоящей работы являлась разработка прикладного метода расчета изгибных и сдвиговых колебаний пьезокерамических пластин, в том числе пористых.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В качестве пьезоактивного материала пластины используется пьезокерамика PZT-4, в том числе пористая. При использовании пористой керамики жесткость конструкции уменьшается в большей степени, чем пьезомодули, что позволяет получить более эффективный ПЭГ при механическом воздействии. Математическая постановка осуществлена в рамках линейной теории электроупругости при поляризации пластины по толщине. Боковые стороны пластины электродированы, правая сторона закреплена, а на левой задан гладкий контакт в вертикальной стенке. Установившиеся колебания пластины вызываются давлением на лицевые поверхности пластины или разностью электрических потенциалов на электродах. Для расчета характеристик ПЭГ в работе предлагается прикладная теория, основанная на гипотезах о распределении характеристик напряженно-деформированного состояния и электрического поля.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты исследования</title><p>Результаты исследования. Рассмотрены поперечные колебания пьезокерамической пластины в низкочастотной области (ниже первого изгибно-сдвигового резонанса). В силу того, что математическая постановка рассмотрена в рамках линейной теории упругости, задача разделилась на сумму двух. В первой учитывалось механическое воздействие: на лицевые поверхности пластины действует распределенная нагрузка и поперечная сила на левом конце, а потенциалы на электродах равны нулю. Во второй задаче механические нагрузки отсутствовали, но задавалась разность потенциалов на электродах. На основе гипотез о распределении деформаций, механических напряжений и электрического потенциала обе задачи были сведены к системе обыкновенных дифференциальных уравнений и граничных условий. Сравнение с результатами расчетов методом конечных элементов в пакете ACELAN показали адекватность предложенной прикладной теории в низкочастотной области. </p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение и заключение</title><p>Обсуждение и заключение. Поскольку постановка задачи рассматривалась в линейной теории электроупругости и изучалась низкочастотная область, в работе удалось задачу об изгибных и сдвиговых колебаниях пластины из пористой пьезокерамики разделить на две: изгибную — с механическим воздействием при нулевых потенциалах и сдвиговую — при задании разности потенциалов и нулевом механическом воздействии. Использованы соответствующие гипотезы об изгибе и сдвиге, построены две системы обыкновенных дифференциальных уравнений и граничных условий, которые решаются аналитически без использования «тяжелых» конечно-элементных пакетов. Для сравнения результатов и подтверждения адекватности предложенного метода проведено конечно-элементное моделирование таких задач в специализированном пакете ACELAN. Это сравнение показало, что ошибка в определении смещений и электрического потенциала при использовании этого подхода, в случае задания механических нагрузок и разности потенциалов, не превышает 6 %. Разработанный в статье метод может быть применен при проектировании пьезоэлектрических генераторов накопления энергии в низкочастотной области. </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>устройство сбора энергии</kwd><kwd>пьезоэлектрический генератор</kwd><kwd>пористая керамика</kwd><kwd>изгиб пластины</kwd><kwd>сдвиг пластины</kwd><kwd>прикладная теория</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>energy collection device</kwd><kwd>piezoelectric generator</kwd><kwd>porous ceramics</kwd><kwd>plate bending</kwd><kwd>plate shear</kwd><kwd>applied theory</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке гранта РНФ (№ 22–11–00302) в Южном федеральном университете, https://rscf.ru/project/22-11-00302/</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research was done at the Southern Federal University with the financial support from the Russian Science Foundation (grant no. 22–11–00302). https://rscf.ru/project/22-11-00302/</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liang Zhou, Jing Sun, Xuejun Zheng, Shuifeng Deng, Jihe Zhao, Jihe Zhao, et al. 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