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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">donstu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2687-1653</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Don State Technical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23947/2687-1653-2024-24-3-293-300</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">PLDLKG</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">donstu-2261</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, COMPUTER SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИНФОРМАТИКА, ВЫЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНАЯ ТЕХНИКА И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Algorithm for Processing X-ray Images Using Fuzzy Logic</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Алгоритм обработки рентгеновских изображений с использованием нечеткой логики</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0824-8038</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маннаа</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mannaa</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Али Сажи Маннаа, аспирант кафедры информатики и вычислительного эксперимента института математики, механики и компьютерных наук им. И.И. Воровича</p><p>344015, г. Ростов-на-Дону, ул. Зорге 21е, д. 1001</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ali Sajae Mannaa, Postgraduate Student, Department of Informatics and Computational Experiment, Vorovich Institute of Mathematics, Mechanics and Computer Sciences</p><p>21e, Zorge Str., Rostov-on-Don, 344015</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Южный федеральный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Southern Federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>293</fpage><lpage>300</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Mannaa A.S., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Маннаа А.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mannaa A.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/2261">https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/2261</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. To improve the diagnostics of knee joint diseases, it is necessary to enhance the quality of processing radiographic images, i.e., to provide experts with more accurate information for pathology analysis. The objective of the study is to demonstrate the capabilities of fuzzy logic in improving the algorithm for determining reference lines and knee flexion angles. This requires a program that analyzes X-ray images. The methods known today, described in scientific and applied literature, are not sufficiently automated. In some cases, orthopedists and surgeons have to manually refine images and adjust lines. This gap is filled by the presented work. The algorithm developed by the author is described. It does not involve human participation and automatically identifies the lines and angles of knee flexion. Based on the result issued by the system, the doctor can, firstly, judge the presence of pathology. Secondly, the information provided by the program allows for more accurate planning, performing operations, and prescribing therapy.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. Images from two X-ray machines operating in Al-Basel Hospital (Latakia, Syria) were used. The Python language was used for the software implementation of the algorithm. The solution was tested on 500 patients at Al-Basel Hospital. The results generated by the new system and previous versions of X-ray image processing programs were compared.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. An algorithm for constructing reference lines and angles for processing knee joint X-ray images is created, described, and implemented in practice. The capabilities of fuzzy logic in automating double threshold detection when identifying bone boundaries in images are shown. The operation of an improved Gaussian filter designed for processing X-ray images is described. The modified method of knee bone X-ray analysis includes the development of an algorithm for automatic detection of structures and anomalies in knee joints, determination and measurement of anatomical parameters, assessment of the degree of damage, etc. The method for determining the contour boundaries on radiographs combined the Canny detector, the watershed algorithm, and fuzzy logic. The program has been implemented in medical practice and shows 98% accuracy, spending less than 20 seconds to process the image.</p><p>Discussion and Conclusion. The new system provides high accuracy, acceptable efficiency, and does not require manual correction of images. Experts are now able to identify subtle indicators of disorders. In addition, the new method makes it possible to understand complex cases when several factors are combined, indicating potential pathology. Widespread implementation of the method will improve the quality of medical services in orthopedics. Scientific research in this direction should be continued to expand the set of strategies for the treatment of diseases of the musculoskeletal system. It is necessary to create solutions with absolute accuracy, higher processing efficiency, as well as methods suitable for analyzing other joints.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Введение. Для улучшения диагностики заболеваний коленного сустава необходимо повысить качество обработки рентгенографических изображений, т.е. дать специалистам более точную информацию для анализа патологии. Цель исследования — показать возможности нечеткой логики в совершенствовании алгоритма определения опорных линий и углов сгибания колена. Для этого необходима программа, которая анализирует рентгеновские снимки. Известные на сегодня методы, описанные в научной и прикладной литературе, недостаточно автоматизированы. В ряде случаев ортопедам и хирургам приходится вручную дорабатывать изображения, корректировать линии. Этот пробел восполняет представленная работа. Описан созданный автором алгоритм, который не предполагает участия человека, автоматически идентифицирует линии и углы сгибания колена. По результату, выданному системой, врач может, во-первых, судить о наличии патологии. Во-вторых, сведения, предоставляемые программой, позволяют точнее планировать, проводить операции и назначать терапию.Материалы и методы. Использовались снимки двух рентгеновских аппаратов, которые работают в больнице Аль-Базель (Латакия, Сирия). Для программной реализации алгоритма задействовали язык «Питон» (Python). Решение протестировали на 500 пациентах больницы Аль-Базель. Сравнивались результаты, которые сгенерировала новая система и предшествующие версии программ обработки рентгеновских снимков.Результаты исследования. Создан, описан и реализован на практике алгоритм построения опорных линий и углов для обработки рентгеновских снимков коленного сустава. Показаны возможности нечеткой логики в автоматизации обнаружения двойного порога при выявлении границ кости на изображениях. Описана работа усовершенствованного гауссовского фильтра, предназначенного для обработки рентгенограмм.Модифицированный метод анализа рентгеновских снимков коленных костей включает разработку алгоритма для автоматического обнаружения структур и аномалий в коленных суставах, определения и измерения анатомических параметров, оценку степени повреждения и т.д.Метод определения границ контуров на рентгенограммах объединил детектор Кэнни, алгоритм водораздела и нечеткую логику. Программа реализована в медицинской практике и показывает точность 98 %, затрачивая на обработку снимка менее 20 секунд.Обсуждение и заключение. Новая система дает высокую точность, приемлемую оперативность и не требует ручной корректировки снимков. Специалисты получили возможность выявить малозаметные индикаторы нарушений. Кроме того, новый метод позволяет разобраться в сложных случаях, когда сочетаются несколько факторов, указывающих на возможную патологию. Широкое внедрение метода повысит качество медицинских услуг в ортопедии. Следует продолжить научные изыскания в данном направлении для расширения набора стратегий лечения заболеваний опорно-двигательного аппарата. Предстоит создать решения с абсолютной точностью, более высокой оперативностью обработки, а также методы, подходящие для анализа других суставов. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>опорные линии в рентгенографии</kwd><kwd>углы коленных суставов в рентгенографии</kwd><kwd>алгоритм Кэнни</kwd><kwd>усовершенствованный фильтр Гаусса</kwd><kwd>алгоритм водораздела</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>reference lines in radiography</kwd><kwd>knee joint angles in radiography</kwd><kwd>Canny algorithm</kwd><kwd>improved Gaussian filter</kwd><kwd>watershed algorithm</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аль Темими А.М.С., Пилиди В.С. Об одном алгоритме анализа структуры рентгенографических медицинских изображений. Известия высших учебных заведений. Северо-Кавказский регион. 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