donstuAdvanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don)Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don)2687-1653Don State Technical University10.23947/2687-1653-2024-24-4-369-391JQMJHZdonstu-2303Research ArticleMACHINE BUILDING AND MACHINE SCIENCEМАШИНОСТРОЕНИЕ И МАШИНОВЕДЕНИЕAnalysis of Technologies for Applying High-Entropy Coatings by Physical Deposition MethodАнализ технологий нанесения высокоэнтропийных покрытий методом физического осажденияhttps://orcid.org/0009-0008-4633-5013ПолитыкоК. Н.PolitykoK. N.

Кирилл Николаевич Политыко, аспирант, младший научный сотрудник кафедры теоретической механики

344038, г. Ростов-на-Дону, пл. им. Ростовского стрелкового полка народного ополчения, 2

Kirill N. Polityko, postgraduate student, Junior Research Fellow of the Engineering Mechanics Department

2, Rostovskogo Strelkovogo Polka Narodnogo Opolcheniya Sq., Rostov-on-Don, 344038

polityko856@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3265-0871КолесниковИ. В.KolesnikovI. V.

Игорь Владимирович Колесников, доктор технических наук, член-корреспондент РАН, профессор кафедры теоретической механики

344038, г. Ростов-на-Дону, пл. им. Ростовского стрелкового полка народного ополчения, 2

Igor V. Kolesnikov, Dr.Sci. (Eng.), Corresponding Member of RAS, Professor of the Engineering Mechanics Department

2, Rostovskogo Strelkovogo Polka Narodnogo Opolcheniya Sq., Rostov-on-Don, 344038

ivkolesnikov@bk.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9977-6997МантуровД. С.ManturovD. S.

Дмитрий Сергеевич Мантуров, кандидат технических наук, заведующий лабораторией кафедры теоретической механики

344038, г. Ростов-на-Дону, пл. им. Ростовского стрелкового полка народного ополчения, 2

Dmitry S. Manturov, Cand.Sci. (Eng.), Head of the Laboratory of the Engineering Mechanics Department

2, Rostovskogo Strelkovogo Polka Narodnogo Opolcheniya Sq., Rostov-on-Don, 344038

manturovds@rgups.ruРостовский государственный университет путей сообщенийРоссияRostov State Transport UniversityRussian Federation202425122024244369391Copyright © Polityko K.N., Kolesnikov I.V., Manturov D.S., 20242024Политыко К.Н., Колесников И.В., Мантуров Д.С.Polityko K.N., Kolesnikov I.V., Manturov D.S.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/2303

Introduction. Modern tribology solves the problems of increasing the reliability of friction units through applying vacuum wear-resistant coatings by the physical vapor deposition (PVD) method. More than five thousand scientific papers are devoted to high-entropy alloys (HEA). However, an urgent question about the possibility of obtaining wear-resistant and antifriction high-entropy coatings (HEC) using the PVD method remains unsolved. Its solution opens up the possibility of using HEC in mechanical engineering. The presented article is intended to fill this gap. Research objectives are as follows: to identify the key results on the creation of HEC by such PVD methods as vacuum arc evaporation and magnetron sputtering, to establish tribological characteristics of PVD coatings.Materials and Methods. From November 2023 to February 2024, the authors analyzed materials published in the Web of Science, Elibrary, Scopus, Medline, CINAHL databases in the Russian and English languages.Results. At the first stage, the literature on the vacuum arc coating method was considered. The issues of creating a vacuum arc discharge, its technological features, disadvantages, as well as processes in the cathode region of the arc were studied. The conditions of existence of cathode spots, the influence of temperature on the erosion coefficient, and processes on the anode and substrate were noted. The dependence of the deposition rate on the value of the potential on the substrate was shown. Nitride and combined coatings obtained by vacuum-arc method were analyzed: TiN, TiCN, TiAlN, TiMoS, TiSiN, TiN/VN, TiAlN/DLC-Ti. At the second stage, the history of the magnetron sputtering method was presented; technological features, types of magnetrons and nitride coatings obtained in this way were described. The third stage was devoted to the five-stage process of forming the coating structure. Island, layer-by-layer, and mixed growth modes of coating were considered. A schematic representation of the fundamental processes of structure formation was given. Defects in vacuum coatings were noted. At the fourth stage, the HEC based on the HEA were presented. Parameters predicting the formation of a HEA solid solution were indicated. Six families of high-entropy alloys were considered. Modern high-entropy coatings obtained by vacuum arc and magnetron methods were evaluated. The results of studies of structural-phase and physico-mechanical properties were summarized in the form of a table. The data of tribological studies of high-entropy coatings were presented.Discussion and Conclusion. The literature on HEC describes the coating structure, physical and mechanical properties, and thermal stability. The authors of the presented article found a gap in the research of tribology of high-entropy coatings. From the known results, it can be concluded that these coatings are frictional. However, due to their high hardness and ductility, they exhibit high wear resistance. In addition, it is difficult to talk about their tribological purpose. To solve the issue of the possibility of using PVD coatings in mechanical engineering, attention should be paid to the development of compositions with high hardness, wear resistance, and low coefficient of friction. They can be operated in tribo-loaded nodes.

Введение. Современная трибология решает задачи повышение надежности узлов трения с помощью нанесения вакуумных износостойких покрытий методом физического осаждения (англ. physical vapor deposition, PVD). Высокоэнтропийным сплавам (ВЭС) посвящены более 5 тыс. научных трудов. Однако оставался открытым актуальный вопрос о возможности получения износостойких и антифрикционных высокоэнтропийных покрытий (ВЭП) PVD-методом. Его решение открывает возможность применения ВЭП в машиностроении. Представленная статья призвана восполнить указанный пробел. Задачи исследования: обозначить основные результаты работ по созданию ВЭП такими PVD-методами, как вакуумно-дуговое испарение и магнетронное распыление; установить трибологические характеристики PVD-покрытий.Материалы и методы. С ноября 2023 года по февраль 2024-го авторы проанализировали материалы на русском и английском языках, опубликованные в базах Web of Science, Elibrary, Scopus, Medline, CINAHL.Результаты исследования. На первом этапе рассматривалась литература о вакуумно-дуговом методе нанесения покрытий. Изучались вопросы создания вакуумно-дугового разряда, его технологические особенности, недостатки, а также процессы в катодной области дуги. Отмечены условия существования катодных пятен, влияние температуры на коэффициент эрозии, процессы на аноде и подложке. Показана зависимость скорости осаждения от значения потенциала на подложке. Анализируются нитридные и комбинированные покрытия, полученные вакуумно-дуговым методом: TiN, TiCN, TiAlN, TiMoS, TiSiN, TiN/VN, TiAlN/DLC-Ti. На втором этапе представлена история магнетронного метода распыления, описываются технологические особенности, виды магнетронов и полученные таким образом нитридные покрытия. Третий этап посвящается пятиэтапному процессу формирования структуры покрытия. Рассматриваются механизмы роста покрытий: островковый, послойный, смешанный. Дается схематическое изображение фундаментальных процессов структурообразования. Отмечаются дефекты в вакуумных покрытиях. На четвертом этапе представлено ВЭП на базе ВЭС. Указаны параметры, предсказывающие образование твердого раствора ВЭС. Рассматриваются шесть семейств высокоэнтропийных сплавов. Оцениваются современные высокоэнтропийные покрытия, полученные вакуумно-дуговым и магнетронным методами. Обобщаются в виде таблицы результаты исследований структурно-фазовых и физико-механических свойств. Приводятся данные трибологических исследований высокоэнтропийных покрытий.Обсуждение и заключение. В литературе о ВЭП описываются структура покрытия, физико-механические свойства, термическая устойчивость. Авторы представленной статьи обнаружили пробел в исследованиях трибологии высокоэнтропийных покрытий. Из известных результатов можно сделать вывод, что данные покрытия относятся к фрикционными. Однако из-за высокой твердости и пластичности они демонстрируют высокую износостойкость. К тому же сложно говорить об их трибологическом назначении. Для решения вопроса о возможности применения PVD-покрытий в машиностроении следует уделить внимание разработке составов с высокой твердостью, износостойкостью и низким коэффициентом трения. Их можно будет эксплуатировать в трибонагруженных узлах.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.