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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">donstu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2687-1653</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Don State Technical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23947/2687-1653-2024-24-4-413-423</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">LNZDKF</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">donstu-2306</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, COMPUTER SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИНФОРМАТИКА, ВЫЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНАЯ ТЕХНИКА И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Algorithm for Constructing the Hazard Function of the Extended Cox Model and its Application to the Prostate Cancer Patient Database</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Алгоритм построения функции риска расширенной модели Кокса и его применение на базе данных больных раком предстательной железы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0542-7914</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Микулик</surname><given-names>И. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikulik</surname><given-names>I. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Илья Игоревич Микулик, аспирант кафедры высшей математики</p><p>190031, г. Санкт-Петербург, Московский пр., 9</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ilya I. Mikulik, Postgraduate student of the Higher Mathematics Department</p><p>9, Moskovsky Pr., St. Petersburg, 190031</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mikulik.ilia@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6034-2040</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жаринов</surname><given-names>Г. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zharinov</surname><given-names>G. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Геннадий Михайлович Жаринов, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник отдела лучевых и комбинированных методов лечения</p><p>197758, г. Санкт-Петербург, пос. Песочный, ул. Ленинградская, 70</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gennadiy M. Zharinov, Dr.Sci.(Medicine), Professor, Chief Researcher of the Department of Radiation and Combined Methods of Treatment</p><p>70, Leningradskaya Str., v. Pesochny, St. Petersburg, 197758</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5899-8905</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кнеев</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kneev</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алексей Юрьевич Кнеев, кандидат медицинских наук, старший преподаватель кафедры радиологии, хирургии и онкологии, врач-онколог отделения онкоурологии</p><p>197758, г. Санкт-Петербург, пос. Песочный, ул. Ленинградская, 70</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksei Yu. Kneev, Cand.Sci.(Medicine), Senior Lecturer ofthe Department of Radiology, Surgery and Oncology, Oncologist of the Department of Oncourology</p><p>70, Leningradskaya Str., v. Pesochny, St. Petersburg, 197758</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Петербургский государственный университет путей сообщения Императора Александра I</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Emperor Alexander I St. Petersburg State Transport University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российский научный центр радиологии и хирургических технологий имени академика А.М. Гранова Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Granov’s Russian Research Center for Radiology and Surgical Technologies</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>413</fpage><lpage>423</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Mikulik I.I., Zharinov G.M., Kneev A.Y., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Микулик И.И., Жаринов Г.М., Кнеев А.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mikulik I.I., Zharinov G.M., Kneev A.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/2306">https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/2306</self-uri><abstract><p>Introduction. In medicine and related industries, bioinspired approaches are used for the survival analysis, among which the Cox regression model holds a specific place. The practice of its application is described in the theoretical and applied literature. However, a significant drawback of this method requires careful study. The fact is that the features correlate with the hazard function linearly, and the model does not use more complex dependences. This causes some difficulties in studying survival analysis. The presented work is aimed at solving this problem. The object of study is the extended Cox model, in which the hazard function includes a nonlinear combination of features.Materials and Methods. A database of prostate cancer patients was used, since this is a common diagnosis in global oncology. A class of extended Cox models with an additive/multiplicative hazard function was defined. To solve the problem using the optimization method, a fitness function was constructed that evaluated the results of prognosis, the number of features, and the degree of overtraining of the model — the complexity and load of the compiled hazard function. An algorithm of pollinating ants has been developed to optimize the fitness function. It simulates the reproduction of flowering plants using pollinating insects and consists of three parts: an ant colony algorithm, a genetic algorithm, and an ant pollinator algorithm. The quality of training of the Cox model was assessed by C-index.Results. A metaheuristic algorithm for ant pollinator optimizing was proposed, providing for the construction of hazard functions of the extended Cox model. The set of parameters for training the standard Cox model was the entire set of features used: TNM, prostate-specific antigen doubling time (PSADT), Gleason score, serum PSA concentration at diagnosis, patient age and education, Rh factor. C-index value of the trained model was 0.853691. The extended Cox model with the found additive/multiplicative hazard function had a higher C-index value — 0.856241 with a smaller number of features used (TNM, PSADT, and Gleason score). In terms of quality, this approach is not inferior to or superior to the classical Cox model. Reducing the number of features involved should improve the efficiency of medical decisions and speed up the start of treatment.Discussion and Conclusion. The presented algorithm for constructing survival analysis models increased the accuracy of predicting the occurrence of a terminal event, and reduced the number of features used for this purpose. The difference in accuracy for the studied data set seemed insignificant — C-index increased from 0.853691 to 0.856241 (by 0.3%). At this, the number of features taken into account was reduced from 7 to 3 (by 57.1%). Consequently, the proposed method effectively solves the problem of feature selection, and can be applied to improve the quality of prognostication.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Введение. В медицине и связанных с нею отраслях для анализа выживаемости используются биоинспирированные подходы, среди которых особое место занимает регрессионная модель Кокса. Практика ее применения описана в теоретической и прикладной литературе. Однако требует тщательной проработки существенный недостаток данного метода. Дело в том, что признаки коррелируют с функцией риска линейно, и модель не задействует более сложные зависимости. Это создает трудности при исследовании анализа выживаемости. Представленная работа нацелена на решение данной проблемы. Объект изучения — расширенная модель Кокса, в которой функция риска включает нелинейную комбинацию признаков.Материалы и методы. Использовалась база данных больных раком предстательной железы, так как в мировой онкологии это широко распространенный диагноз. Определен класс расширенных моделей Кокса с аддитивно-мультипликативной функцией риска. Для решения задачи методом оптимизации построена функция приспособленности, которая оценивает результаты прогнозов, количество признаков, а также степень переобучения модели — сложность и нагруженность составленной функции риска. Для оптимизации функции приспособленности разработан алгоритм муравьев-опылителей. Он имитирует размножение цветковых растений с помощью насекомых-опылителей и состоит из трех частей: муравьиный алгоритм, генетический алгоритм и алгоритм опыления. Качество обучения модели Кокса оценивали по С-индексу.Результаты исследования. Предложен метаэвристический алгоритм оптимизации муравьев-опылителей, позволяющий строить функции риска расширенной модели Кокса. Набор параметров для обучения стандартной модели Кокса — весь используемый комплекс признаков: распространенность опухолевого процесса, время удвоения простатспецифического антигена (ПСА), сумма баллов по шкале Глисона, сывороточная концентрация ПСА на момент постановки диагноза, возраст и образование пациента, резус-фактор. Значение c-индекса обученной модели — 0,853691. Расширенная модель Кокса с найденной аддитивно-мультипликативной функцией риска имеет более высокий показатель С-индекса — 0,856241 с меньшим количеством используемых признаков (распространенность опухолевого процесса, время удвоения ПСА и сумма баллов по Глисону). По качеству этот подход не уступает классической модели Кокса или превосходит ее. Сокращение числа задействованных признаков должно повысить оперативность врачебного решения и ускорить начало лечения.Обсуждение и заключение. Представленный алгоритм построения моделей анализа выживаемости повысил точность предсказания наступления терминального события и уменьшил количество используемых для этой цели признаков. Разница в точности для исследуемого набора данных представляется несущественной — С-индекс возрос с 0,853691 до 0,856241 (на 0,3 %). При этом количество принимаемых во внимание признаков сократилось с 7 до 3 (на 57,1 %). Следовательно, предложенный метод эффективно решает задачу выбора признаков и может быть применен для повышения качества прогнозирования.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак предстательной железы</kwd><kwd>прогнозирование выживаемости</kwd><kwd>вероятность наступления терминального события</kwd><kwd>регрессионная модель Кокса</kwd><kwd>алгоритм муравьев-опылителей</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>prostate cancer</kwd><kwd>survival prediction</kwd><kwd>terminal event probability</kwd><kwd>Cox regression model</kwd><kwd>ant pollinator algorithm</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Archetti A, Lomurno E, Lattari F, Martin A, Matteucci M. Heterogeneous Datasets for Federated Survival Analysis Simulation. In: Proc. Companion of the 2023 ACM/SPEC International Conference on Performance Engineering. 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