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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">donstu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2687-1653</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Don State Technical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23947/2687-1653-2025-25-2-99-111</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">DGHAFZ</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">donstu-2398</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MACHINE BUILDING AND MACHINE SCIENCE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАШИНОСТРОЕНИЕ И МАШИНОВЕДЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Analysis of Temperature Characteristics of Electrolytic-Plasma Discharge in Jet Processing of a Metal Anode</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анализ температурных характеристик электролитно-плазменного разряда при струйной обработке металлического анода</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5227-1094</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попов</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Popov</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александр Иннокентьевич Попов, кандидат технических наук, доцент, «Высшая школа машиностроения» института машиностроения материалов и транспорта </p><p>195251, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Политехническая, 29</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander I. Popov, Cand.Sci. (Eng.), Associate Professor of the Higher School of Mechanical Engineering</p><p>29, Politekhnicheskaya Str., St. Petersburg, 195251</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">popov_ai@spbstu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4472-8218</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новиков</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Novikov</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Виталий Иванович Новиков, кандидат технических наук, доцент, «Высшая школа машиностроения» института машиностроения, материалов и транспорта Санкт-Петербургского политехнического университета Петра Великого, доцент, кафедра «Судебных экспертиз» Санкт-Петербургского государственного архитектурно-строительного университета </p><p>195251, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Политехническая, 29,</p><p>190005, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. 2-я Красноармейская, 4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vitaly I. Novikov, Cand.Sci. (Eng.), Associate Professor of the Higher School of Mechanical Engineering, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Associate Professor of the Department of Forensic Science, St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering</p><p>29, Politekhnicheskaya Str., St. Petersburg, 195251,</p><p>4, 2nd Krasnoarmeiskaya Str., St. Petersburg, 190005</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">novikov_vi@spbstu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0120-0977</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванов</surname><given-names>Д. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanov</surname><given-names>D. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дмитрий Николаевич Иванов, аспирант, «Высшая школа машиностроения» института машиностроения материалов и транспорта </p><p>195251, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Политехническая, 29</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry N. Ivanov, Postgraduate Student, Higher School of Mechanical Engineering</p><p>29, Politekhnicheskaya Str., St. Petersburg, 195251</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ivanov5.dn@edu.spbstu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2047-5081</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козырский</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozyrskiy</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Игорь Алексеевич Козырский, студент 4 курса, «Высшая школа машиностроения» института машиностроения материалов и транспорта</p><p>195251, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Политехническая, 29</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Igor A. Kozyrskiy, 4th year student majoring in Mechanical Engineering Technology, Higher School of Mechanical Engineering</p><p>29, Politekhnicheskaya Str., St. Petersburg, 195251</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kigor1846@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого;&#13;
Санкт-Петербургский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University;&#13;
St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>99</fpage><lpage>111</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Popov A.I., Novikov V.I., Ivanov D.N., Kozyrskiy I.A., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Попов А.И., Новиков В.И., Иванов Д.Н., Козырский И.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Popov A.I., Novikov V.I., Ivanov D.N., Kozyrskiy I.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/2398">https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/2398</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Electrolytic plasma technologies used for dimensional and finishing processing of metal surfaces attract attention due to their high efficiency and precision. The key factor that determines the quality of processing is the temperature of the electrolytic-plasma discharge (EPD), which affects the ionization of the electrolyte and the properties of the surface. The lack of comprehensive studies of the temperature characteristics of jet EPD limits the optimization of processes. The research objective is to determine the distribution of temperatures and heat flows in the system “jet electrolytic cathode — metal anode” under various processing conditions.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. The study was conducted using an electrolyte jet with a diameter of 3 mm and a mass flow rate of 0.25–3.75 g/s at a voltage of 20–500 V. KhVG and 08Kh18N9T steels were used as anodes, and the electrolytes were aqueous solutions of NaCl, (NH4)2SO4, C6H8O7, with a concentration of 4–50 g/l. The temperature was measured with a chromel-alumel thermocouple, an infrared pyrometer, and a thermal imager.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. A heat balance equation was developed, describing heat distribution among the metallic anode (MA), jet cathode, electrolyte, vapor, and radiation. The analysis of the volt-ampere characteristics (VAC) showed an increase in current at low electrolyte flow rates (0.75–1.2 g/s) followed by a decrease at 300–500 V, and a parabolic dependence with a maximum of 2.6 A at a flow rate of 2.37 g/s. The maximum MA temperature reached 100°С (NaCl, 4–35 g/L), decreasing to 82°С at 150 g/L, while the hollow cathode reached 158°С at an initial electrolyte temperature of 90°С. Vapor temperatures ranged from 67.3°С (high flow rates) to 87.5°С (low flow rates). Electrolyte loss due to evaporation reached 5,8 g at 300–340 The temperature at the periphery of the anode was 15–20% higher than in the center.</p><p>Discussion and Conclusion. The main source of heat was the Joule-Lenz law, with the contribution of exothermic reactions of carbon oxidation up to 260 V. The maximum heat release was observed in the EPD zone, forming an ellipsoid. The data obtained and the heat balance equation create the basis for optimizing jet electrolytic-plasma polishing in mechanical engineering, medicine, and microelectronics.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Электролитно-плазменные технологии, применяемые для размерной и финишной обработки металлических поверхностей, привлекают внимание благодаря их высокой эффективности и точности. Ключевым фактором, определяющим качество обработки, является температура электролитно-плазменного разряда (ЭПР), влияющая на ионизацию электролита и свойства поверхности. Недостаток комплексных исследований температурных характеристик струйного ЭПР ограничивает оптимизацию процессов. Цель данного исследования — определить распределение температур и тепловых потоков в системе «струйный электролитический катод — металлический анод» при различных условиях обработки.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Исследования проводились с использованием струи электролита диаметром 3 мм с массовой скоростью потока 0,25–3,75 г/с при напряжении 20–500 В. В качестве анода применялись стали ХВГ и 08Х18Н9Т, электролиты — водные растворы NaCl, (NH4)2SO4, C6H8O7 с концентрацией 4–50 г/л. Температура измерялась хромель-алюмелевой термопарой, инфракрасным пирометром и тепловизором.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты исследования</title><p>Результаты исследования. Разработано уравнение теплового баланса, описывающее распределение тепла между металлическим анодом (МА), струйным катодом, электролитом, паром и излучением. Анализ вольт-амперных характеристик (ВАХ) показал рост тока при низких расходах электролита (0,75–1,2 г/с) с последующим снижением при 300–500 В и параболическую зависимость с максимумом 2,6 А при расходе 2,37 г/с. Максимальная температура МА достигала 100 °С (NaCl, 4–35 г/л) и снижалась до 82 °С при 150 г/л, а полого катода — 158 °С при начальной температуре электролита 90 °С. Температура пара варьировалась от 67,3 (высокие расходы) до 87,5 °С (низкие расходы). Убыль электролита на испарение достигала 5,8 г при 300–340 В. Температура на периферии анода была на 15–20 % выше, чем в центре.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение и заключение</title><p>Обсуждение и заключение. В процессе формирования электрического разряда (ЭР) в приповерхностном электролитно-плазменном слое выделяется теплота за счет множества микроразрядов, возникающих из-за высокой напряженности электрического поля на вершинах микронеровностей, границах зерен, дислокациях, отдельных атомах, а также на отрицательно заряженных поверхностях, таких как жировые отложения или окисленные участки. Основным источником теплового потока является тепло, выделяемое по закону Джоуля-Ленца. До напряжения 260 В дополнительный вклад вносит экзотермическая реакция окисления углерода в стали. Сформированное тепло неравномерно распределяется между электролитом, МА, полым катодом, паром и излучением. Наибольшее тепловыделение наблюдается в зоне формирования ЭР в виде эллипсоида, где фиксируются максимальные температуры МА (до 100 °C), полого катода (до 158 °C) и пара (до 87,5 °C). Полученные данные и уравнение теплового баланса создают основу для оптимизации струйного электролитно-плазменного полирования в машиностроении, медицине и микроэлектронике.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>электролитно-плазменный разряд</kwd><kwd>струйный катод</kwd><kwd>металлический анод</kwd><kwd>распределение температуры</kwd><kwd>тепловой баланс</kwd><kwd>струйная обработка</kwd><kwd>вольт-амперные характеристики</kwd><kwd>электролит</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>electrolytic-plasma discharge</kwd><kwd>jet cathode</kwd><kwd>metallic anode</kwd><kwd>temperature distribution</kwd><kwd>heat balance</kwd><kwd>jet processing</kwd><kwd>volt-ampere characteristics</kwd><kwd>electrolyte</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Quitzke S, Danilov I, Martin A, Morgenstern R, Lampke Th, Schubert A. 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