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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">donstu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2687-1653</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Don State Technical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23947/2687-1653-2025-25-2-142-151</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">LDXARH</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">donstu-2402</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, COMPUTER SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИНФОРМАТИКА, ВЫЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНАЯ ТЕХНИКА И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Integration of Sensor Data and Mathematical Modeling of Underwater Robot Behavior Using a Digital Twin</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Интеграция сенсорных данных и математическое моделирование поведения подводного робота с использованием цифрового двойника</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5330-3369</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гладышев</surname><given-names>М. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gladyshev</surname><given-names>M. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Михаил Дмитриевич Гладышев, аспирант направления «Системный анализ, управление и обработка информации, статистика»</p><p>414056, г. Астрахань, ул. Татищева, 20А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail D. Gladyshev, postgraduate student majoring in Systems Analysis, Control and Information Processing, Statistics</p><p>20a, Tatishcheva Str., Astrakhan, 414056</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mih.gladishev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1192-0913</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рыбаков</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rybakov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алексей   Владимирович    Рыбаков, кандидат физико-математических наук, доцент, кафедра «Информационных технологий», доцент, кафедра «Технологии материалов и промышленной инженерии» </p><p>414056, г. Астрахань, ул. Татищева, 20А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexey V. Rybakov, Cand.Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Associate Professor of the Department of Information Technologies, Associate Professor of the Department of Materials Technology and Industrial Engineering</p><p>20a, Tatishcheva Str., Astrakhan, 414056</p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rybakov_alex@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Астраханский государственный университет имени В.Н. Татищева</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Astrakhan Tatishchev State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>142</fpage><lpage>151</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Gladyshev M.D., Rybakov A.V., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гладышев М.Д., Рыбаков А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gladyshev M.D., Rybakov A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/2402">https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/2402</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Control of underwater robotic complexes (URC) is complicated by factors, such as inertia, stochastic disturbances, and lack of navigation infrastructure. Existing approaches to modeling and predicting URS behavior are known for their weak or absent integration of data from real sensors in real time. By eliminating this gap in integrated solutions, it is possible to combine physical models, digital twins, and visualization. A promising tool for overcoming the above limitations is a digital twin (DT), which provides an accurate digital representation of an object through the integration of data from physical sensors and mathematical models. The objective of the presented study is to develop a method for predicting the dynamics of the URC using a digital twin to improve the efficiency of autonomous control.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. The basis of the study was the development of a mathematical model of the motion of an underwater robotic complex. It included differential kinematics, modeling of environmental resistance, and rotation dynamics. The following sensors were used to collect and process data: incremental encoders, a three-axis accelerometer, and a gyroscope. A proportional-integral differentiating (PID) controller was applied to control the motion along each axis. The Unity Game Environment was used to visualize and test the model. It created a digital twin module with the ability to display the system state in real time. The Arduino IDE platform was used as software for low-level programming, as well as MATLAB and Python for data analysis and graphing.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. To verify the model, experiments were conducted on a physical model. They were compared to the simulation of the object's behavior in a virtual environment. Graphs of discrepancies between physical and simulated trajectories were presented. Statistical metrics characterizing the accuracy of the digital twin were calculated. The maximum deviation in coordinates did not exceed 5.3 mm, the average angular deviation was 3.5°. This confirmed the reliability and practical applicability of the proposed model in autonomous control of a robotic complex. It was also found that the average error along X — 3.11 mm, along Y — 2.92 mm. The average error in angle Z — 1.8°. The response time was less than 10 ms. The stability of the digital twin to minor fluctuations in the data was provided by smoothing the input data, the stability of the system regulator, and adaptation of the model to the calibration values at the start of each cycle.</p><p>Discussion and Conclusion. Digital twins are suitable for predictive control and monitoring of an object under uncertainty. The proposed approach can be scaled for various types of robotic systems operating in aggressive and poorly predictable environments. Further research in this area may involve the introduction of adaptive and neural network control methods.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Управление подводными робототехническими комплексами (ПРТК) осложняется такими факторами, как инерционность, стохастические возмущения и недостаток навигационной инфраструктуры. Существующие подходы к моделированию и прогнозированию поведения ПРТК известны слабой или отсутствующей интеграцией данных с реальных сенсоров в режиме реального времени. Устранив указанный пробел в комплексных решениях, можно объединить физические модели, цифровые двойники и визуализацию. Перспективный инструмент для преодоления названных выше ограничений — цифровой двойник (англ. digital twin, DT), обеспечивающий точную цифровую репрезентацию объекта через интеграцию данных от физических сенсоров и математических моделей. Цель представленного исследования — разработка метода прогнозирования динамики ПРТК с использованием цифрового двойника для повышения эффективности автономного управления.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Основа исследования — разработка математической модели движения подводного робототехнического комплекса. Она включает дифференциальную кинематику, моделирование сопротивления среды и динамики поворота. Для сбора и обработки данных использовались сенсоры: инкрементальные энкодеры, трехосевой акселерометр и гироскоп. Для управления движением по каждой оси задействовали пропорционально-интегрально дифференцирующий (ПИД) регулятор. Для визуализации и проверки модели применялась игровая среда «Юнити» (Unity). В ней создали модуль цифрового двойника с возможностью отображения состояния системы в реальном времени. В качестве программного обеспечения использовалась платформа «Ардуино Ай-ди-и» (Arduino IDE) для низкоуровневого программирования, а также «Матлаб» (Matlab) и «Питон» (Python) для анализа данных и построения графиков.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты исследования</title><p>Результаты исследования. Для верификации модели проводились эксперименты на физическом макете. Их сопоставили с симуляцией поведения объекта в виртуальной среде. Представлены графики расхождений между физическими и симулированными траекториями. Рассчитаны статистические метрики, характеризующие точность цифрового двойника. Максимальное отклонение по координатам не превышает 5,3 мм, среднее угловое отклонение составило 3,5°. Это подтверждает достоверность и практическую применимость предложенной модели при автономном управлении робототехническим комплексом. Установлено также, что средняя ошибка по X — 3,11 мм, по Y — 2,92 мм. Средняя ошибка угла Z — 1,8°. Время реакции — менее 10 мс. Устойчивость цифрового двойника к незначительным флуктуациям в данных обеспечивается благодаря сглаживанию входных данных, стабильностью системного регулятора и адаптации модели к калибровочным значениям на старте каждого цикла.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение и заключение</title><p>Обсуждение и заключение. Цифровые двойники подходят для прогностического управления и наблюдения за объектом в условиях неопределенности. Предложенный подход целесообразно масштабировать для различных типов робототехнических систем, функционирующих в агрессивных и слабо предсказуемых средах. Дальнейшие исследования в этом направлении могут быть связаны с внедрением адаптивных и нейросетевых методов управления.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>цифровой двойник автономной робототехнической системы</kwd><kwd>подводный робототехнический комплекс</kwd><kwd>предиктивное управление</kwd><kwd>подводный робот</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>digital twin of an autonomous robotic system</kwd><kwd>underwater robotic complex</kwd><kwd>predictive control</kwd><kwd>underwater robot</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мешков А.В., Громов В.С. Формирование траектории цифрового двойника многозвенного механизма с использованием адаптивного алгоритма оценки параметров нелинейного движения. 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