<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">donstu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2687-1653</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Don State Technical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23947/2687-1653-2025-25-3-186-196</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">HCPJJV</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">donstu-2450</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MECHANICS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕХАНИКА</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Optimal Control Method for a Lower Limb Exoskeleton with Elastic Elements</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Метод оптимального управления экзоскелетом нижних конечностей с упругими элементами</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2653-548X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Диб</surname><given-names>Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Deeb</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Диб Делшан, аспирант, ассистент кафедры «Робототехника, мехатроника, динамика и прочность машин»</p><p>111250, г. Москва, ул. Красноказарменная, 14</p><p>ScopusID 59000476600</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Delshan Deeb, Postgraduate student, Teaching Assistant of the Department of Robotics, Mechatronics, Dynamics and Strength of Machines</p><p>14, Krasnokazarmennaya Str., Moscow, 111250</p><p>ScopusID 59000476600</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">delshan2deeb@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7682-2228</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Меркурьев</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Merkuryev</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Игорь Владимирович Меркурьев, доктор технических наук, доцент, заведующий кафедрой «Робототехника, мехатроника, динамика и прочность машин»</p><p>111250, г. Москва, ул. Красноказарменная, 14</p><p>ScopusID 35422634900</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Igor V. Merkuryev, Dr.Sci. (Eng.), Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Robotics, Mechatronics, Dynamics and Strength of Machines</p><p>14, Krasnokazarmennaya Str., Moscow, 111250</p><p>ScopusID 35422634900</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">MerkuryevIV@mpei.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский университет «МЭИ»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Research University “MPEI”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>186</fpage><lpage>196</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Deeb D., Merkuryev I.V., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Диб Д., Меркурьев И.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Deeb D., Merkuryev I.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/2450">https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/2450</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Modern development of exoskeletons opens new horizons for rehabilitation and improving the quality of life of people with limited mobility. The relevance of the study on methods of optimal control of exoskeletons is due to the growing demand in medicine and industry. However, there are numerous challenges related to the efficient control of exoskeletons, especially in the context of the integration of elastic elements. Topics related to optimal control and tuning of system parameters to reach maximum efficiency and user comfort remain insufficiently studied. The objective of this study is to develop a method of optimal control of a lower limb exoskeleton (LLE) with elastic elements while optimizing energy costs and accounting for external disturbances.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. The LLE is represented by a simplified model of an inverted pendulum with elastic elements in the feet. The dynamic model of the LLE was developed using Lagrange equations. The optimal control method was based on the synthesis of a linear quadratic regulator designed to minimize energy costs. To account for the influence of external disturbances, a Kalman filter was integrated into the control loop. The parameters of the mathematical model of the LLE were obtained from published data. System simulation was performed in the Wolfram Mathematica environment.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. A method of optimal control of the LLE with elastic elements has been developed. This method optimizes energy costs while maintaining vertical equilibrium. The system was modeled using optimal terminal control, followed by optimal feedback control. During feedback control, key parameters affecting system stability were identified: spring stiffness and damping coefficients. Integration of the Kalman filter enabled compensation for external disturbances.</p></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>Discussion. The use of terminal control within the developed method reduced energy costs by 98% within a specified stabilization timeframe. Optimal values of spring stiffness and damping coefficients for obtaining the best system response were identified. The use of the optimal control method of the LLE in combination with the Kalman filter confirmed the effective compensation of external disturbances and noise, which provided the convergence of transient processes with minimal energy consumption.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The proposed method for achieving optimal control while minimizing energy costs is a promising solution in the field of control signal calculation required to ensure stability and determine the optimal energy cost function. This is especially true for medical rehabilitation tasks. These results may be useful for further research and development in the field of robotics and wearable devices.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Современное развитие экзоскелетов открывает новые горизонты для реабилитации и повышения качества жизни людей с ограниченной подвижностью. Актуальность исследования методов оптимального управления экзоскелетами обусловлена растущим спросом в медицине и промышленности. Однако существует множество проблем, связанных с эффективностью управления экзоскелетами, особенно в контексте интеграции упругих элементов. Темы, связанные с оптимальным управлением и настройкой параметров систем для достижения максимальной эффективности и комфорта пользователя, остаются недостаточно изученными. Целью данного исследования является разработка метода оптимального управления экзоскелетом нижних конечностей (ЭНК) с упругими элементами при оптимизации энергозатрат и учете внешних возмущений.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. ЭНК представлен упрощенной моделью перевернутого маятника с упругими элементами в стопах. Динамическая модель ЭНК разработана с использованием уравнений Лагранжа. Метод оптимального управления основан на синтезе линейно-квадратичного регулятора, ориентированного на минимизацию энергозатрат. Для учета влияния внешних возмущений в контур управления интегрирован фильтр Калмана. Параметры математической модели ЭНК были получены из литературных данных. Моделирование проведено в среде Wolfram Mathematica.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты исследования</title><p>Результаты исследования. Разработан метод оптимального управления ЭНК с упругими элементами, который обеспечивает оптимизацию энергозатрат при достижении вертикального метода равновесия. Проведено моделирование системы с использованием оптимального терминального управления, а затем оптимального управления с обратной связью. При управлении с обратной связью были определены ключевые параметры, оказывающие влияние на устойчивость системы: коэффициенты жесткости пружины и демпфирования. Интеграция фильтра Калмана в систему позволила учитывать влияние внешних возмущений.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение</title><p>Обсуждение. Применение терминального управления в рамках разработанного метода оптимального управления позволило снизить энергозатраты на 98 % за определенное время стабилизации. Найдены оптимальные значения жёсткости пружин и коэффициентов демпфирования для достижения наилучшего отклика системы. Использование метода оптимального управления ЭНК в сочетании с фильтром Калмана подтвердило эффективную компенсацию внешних возмущений и шумов, что обеспечило сходимость переходных процессов при минимальных энергозатратах.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Предложенный метод достижения оптимального управления при минимизации энергозатрат является перспективным решением в области расчёта управляющих сигналов, необходимых для обеспечения устойчивости и определения оптимальной функции энергозатрат. Это особенно актуально для задач медицинской реабилитации. Данные результаты могут быть полезны для дальнейших исследований и разработок в области робототехники и носимых устройств.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>экзоскелет</kwd><kwd>математическая модель</kwd><kwd>упругие элементы</kwd><kwd>искусственная стопа</kwd><kwd>оптимальное управление</kwd><kwd>фильтр Калмана</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>exoskeleton</kwd><kwd>mathematical model</kwd><kwd>elastic elements</kwd><kwd>artificial foot</kwd><kwd>optimal control</kwd><kwd>Kalman filter</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яцун C.Ф., Локтионова О.Г., Аль Манджи Х., Яцун А.С., Карлов А.Е. Моделирование управляемого движения человека при ходьбе в экзоскелете. Известия Юго-Западного государственного университета. 2019;23(6):133–147. https://doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2019-23-6-133-147.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yatsun SF, Loktionova OG, Khalil Hamed Mohammed Hamood Al Manji, Yatsun AS, Karlov AE. Simulation of Controlled Motion of a Person When Walking in an Exoskeleton. Proceedings of Southwest State University. 2019;23(6):133–147. https://doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2019-23-6-133-147</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Habib Mohamad, Sadjaad Ozgoli. Online Gait Generator for Lower Limb Exoskeleton Robots: Suitable for Level Ground, Slopes, Stairs, and Obstacle Avoidance. Robotics and Autonomous Systems. 2023;160:104319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2022.104319</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Habib Mohamad, Sadjaad Ozgoli. Online Gait Generator for Lower Limb Exoskeleton Robots: Suitable for Level Ground, Slopes, Stairs, and Obstacle Avoidance. Robotics and Autonomous Systems. 2023;160:104319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2022.104319</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bottin-Noonan J, Sreenivasa M. Model-Based Evaluation of Human and Lower-Limb Exoskeleton Interaction during Sit to Stand Motion. In: Proc. IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). New York City: IEEE; 2021. P. 2063–2069. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRA48506.2021.9561727</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bottin-Noonan J, Sreenivasa M. Model-Based Evaluation of Human and Lower-Limb Exoskeleton Interaction during Sit to Stand Motion. In: Proc. IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). New York City: IEEE; 2021. P. 2063–2069. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRA48506.2021.9561727</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Щурова Е.Н., Прудникова О.Г., Качесова А.А., Сайфутдинов М.С., Тертышная М.С. Улучшение функционального состояния пациентов с последствиями позвоночно-спинномозговой травмы при эпидуральной электростимуляции: проспективное исследование. Вестник восстановительной медицины. 2023;22(6);28–41. https://doi.org/10.38025/2078-1962-2023-22-6-28-41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shchurova EN, Prudnikova OG, Kachesova AA, Saifutdinov MS, Tertyshnaya MS. Improvement of Functional State of Patients after Spinal Cord Injury During Epidural Electrical Stimulation: Prospective Study. Bulletin of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2023;22(6):28–41. https://doi.org/10.38025/2078-1962-2023-22-6-28-41</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nuckols RW, Sawicki GS. Impact of Elastic Ankle Exoskeleton Stiffness on Neuromechanics and Energetics of Human Walking across Multiple Speeds. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation. 2020;17(1):75. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-020-00703-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nuckols RW, Sawicki GS. Impact of Elastic Ankle Exoskeleton Stiffness on Neuromechanics and Energetics of Human Walking across Multiple Speeds. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation. 2020;17(1):75. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-020-00703-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Orekhov G, Lerner ZF. Design and Electromechanical Performance Evaluation of a Powered Parallel-Elastic Ankle Exoskeleton. IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters. 2022;7(3):8092–8099. https://doi.org/10.1109/LRA.2022.3185372</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Orekhov G, Lerner ZF. Design and Electromechanical Performance Evaluation of a Powered Parallel-Elastic Ankle Exoskeleton. IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters. 2022;7(3):8092–8099. https://doi.org/10.1109/LRA.2022.3185372</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hamed Jabbari Asl, Tatsuo Narikiyo, Michihiro Kawanishi. Neural Network-Based Bounded Control of Robotic Exoskeletons without Velocity Measurements. Control Engineering Practice. 2018;80:94–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conengprac.2018.08.005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hamed Jabbari Asl, Tatsuo Narikiyo, Michihiro Kawanishi. Neural Network-Based Bounded Control of Robotic Exoskeletons without Velocity Measurements. Control Engineering Practice. 2018;80:94–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conengprac.2018.08.005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jinghui Cao, Sheng Quan Xie, Raj Das. MIMO Sliding Mode Controller for Gait Exoskeleton Driven by Pneumatic Muscles. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology. 2017;26(1):274–281. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2017.2654424</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jinghui Cao, Sheng Quan Xie, Raj Das. MIMO Sliding Mode Controller for Gait Exoskeleton Driven by Pneumatic Muscles. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology. 2017;26(1):274–281. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2017.2654424</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Madani T, Daachi B, Djouani K. Non-Singular Terminal Sliding Mode Controller: Application to an Actuated Exoskeleton. Mechatronics. 2016;33:136–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechatronics.2015.10.012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Madani T, Daachi B, Djouani K. Non-Singular Terminal Sliding Mode Controller: Application to an Actuated Exoskeleton. Mechatronics. 2016;33:136–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechatronics.2015.10.012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rigatos G, Abbaszadeh M, Pomares J, Wira P. A Nonlinear Optimal Control Approach for a Lower-Limb Robotic Exoskeleton. International Journal of Humanoid Robotics. 2020;17(5):2050018. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219843620500188</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rigatos G, Abbaszadeh M, Pomares J, Wira P. A Nonlinear Optimal Control Approach for a Lower-Limb Robotic Exoskeleton. International Journal of Humanoid Robotics. 2020;17(5):2050018. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219843620500188</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jun Chen, Yuan Fan, Mingwei Sheng, Mingjian Zhu. Optimized Control for Exoskeleton for Lower Limb Rehabilitation with Uncertainty. In: Proc. Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC). New York City: IEEE; 2019. P. 5121–5125. https://doi.org/10.1109/CCDC.2019.8833418</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jun Chen, Yuan Fan, Mingwei Sheng, Mingjian Zhu. Optimized Control for Exoskeleton for Lower Limb Rehabilitation with Uncertainty. In: Proc. Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC). New York City: IEEE; 2019. P. 5121–5125. https://doi.org/10.1109/CCDC.2019.8833418</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rigatos G, Busawon K. Robotic Manipulators and Vehicles: Control, Estimation and Filtering. Cham: Springer; 2018. 734 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77851-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rigatos G, Busawon K. Robotic Manipulators and Vehicles: Control, Estimation and Filtering. Cham: Springer; 2018. 734 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77851-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Madhusudhan Venkadesan, Ali Yawar, Carolyn M Eng, Marcelo A Dias, Dhiraj K Singh, Steven M Tommasini, et al. Stiffness of the Human Foot and Evolution of the Transverse Arch. Nature. 2020;579:97–100. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2053-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Madhusudhan Venkadesan, Ali Yawar, Carolyn M Eng, Marcelo A Dias, Dhiraj K Singh, Steven M Tommasini, et al. Stiffness of the Human Foot and Evolution of the Transverse Arch. Nature. 2020;579:97–100. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2053-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Juanjuan Zhang, Collins SH. The Passive Series Stiffness that Optimizes Torque Tracking for a Lower-Limb Exoskeleton in Human Walking. Frontiers in Neurorobotics. 2017;11:68. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbot.2017.00068</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Juanjuan Zhang, Collins SH. The Passive Series Stiffness that Optimizes Torque Tracking for a Lower-Limb Exoskeleton in Human Walking. Frontiers in Neurorobotics. 2017;11:68. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbot.2017.00068</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsapenko V, Tereshchenko M, Tymchik G, Matvienko S, Shevchenko V. Analysis of Dynamic Load on Human Foot. In: Proc. IEEE 40th International Conference on Electronics and Nanotechnology (ELNANO). New York City: IEEE; 2020. P. 400–404. https://doi.org/10.1109/ELNANO50318.2020.9088788.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsapenko V, Tereshchenko M, Tymchik G, Matvienko S, Shevchenko V. Analysis of Dynamic Load on Human Foot. In: Proc. IEEE 40th International Conference on Electronics and Nanotechnology (ELNANO). New York City: IEEE; 2020. P. 400–404. https://doi.org/10.1109/ELNANO50318.2020.9088788.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
