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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">donstu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2687-1653</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Don State Technical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23947/2687-1653-2025-25-3-221-232</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">HLYDVW</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">donstu-2453</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, COMPUTER SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИНФОРМАТИКА, ВЫЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНАЯ ТЕХНИКА И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Reconstructing a Full-body Model from a Limited Set of Upper-Limb Motion Data</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Подход к реконструкции модели тела на основе ограниченного набора данных о двигательной активности рук</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3450-5213</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Обухов</surname><given-names>А. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Obukhov</surname><given-names>A. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Артём Дмитриевич Обухов, доктор технических наук, доцент кафедры «Системы автоматизированной поддержки принятия решений» Тамбовского государственного технического университета</p><p>392000, г. Тамбов, ул. Мичуринская, 112</p><p>ScopusID 56104232400</p><p>ResearcherID M-9836-2019</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Artem D. Obukhov, Dr.Sci. (Eng.), Associate Professor of the Department of Automated Decision Support Systems</p><p>112, Michurinskaya Str., Tambov, 392000</p><p>ScopusID 56104232400</p><p>ResearcherID M-9836-2019</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">obuhov.art@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1304-9490</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Теселкин</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Teselkin</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Даниил Вячеславович Теселкин, ассистент кафедры «Системы автоматизированной поддержки принятия решений» Тамбовского государственного технического университета</p><p>392000, г. Тамбов, ул. Мичуринская, 112</p><p>ScopusID 57362498400</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Daniil V. Teselkin, Assistant Professor of the Department of Automated Decision Support Systems</p><p>112, Michurinskaya Str., Tambov, 392000</p><p>ScopusID 57362498400</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dteselk@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Тамбовский государственный технический университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Tambov State Technical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>221</fpage><lpage>232</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Obukhov A.D., Teselkin D.V., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Обухов А.Д., Теселкин Д.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Obukhov A.D., Teselkin D.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/2453">https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/2453</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Accurate reconstruction of the human body model is required when visualizing digital avatars in virtual simulators and rehabilitation systems. However, the use of exoskeleton systems can cause overlapping and shielding of sensors, making it difficult for tracking systems to operate. This underlines the urgency of the task of reconstructing a human body model based on a limited set of data on arm movements, both in the field of rehabilitation and in sports training. Existing studies focus on either large-scale IMU networks or full video monitoring, without considering the issue of reconstructing a body model based on arm motion data. The objective of this research is to develop and test machine learning methods aimed at reconstructing body model coordinates using limited data, such as arm position information.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. To conduct the study, a virtual simulation environment was created in which a virtual avatar performed various movements. These movements were recorded by cameras with a first-person and side view. The positions of the keypoints of the body model relative to the back point were saved as reference data. The regression task considered was to reconstruct the user's arm positions in a full body model in five different variations, including keypoint coordinates extracted from a video and a virtual scene. The task also involved comparing different regression models, including linear models, decision trees, ensembles, and three deep neural networks (DenseNN, CNN-GRU, Transformer). The accuracy was estimated using MAE and the mean Euclidean deviation of body segments. Experimental studies were conducted on five datasets, whose size varied from 25 to 180 thousand frames.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The experiments showed that ensembles (LightGBM) were best-performing in most situations. Among neural network models, the CNN-GRU-based model provided the lowest error. Training models on a sequence of 20 frames did not give significant improvement. Using the inverse kinematics module on a number of scenarios allowed reducing the error to 3%, but in some cases worsened the final result.</p></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>Discussion. The analysis of the results obtained showed low reconstruction accuracy when using computer vision datasets, as well as the lack of superiority of complex models over simpler ensembles and linear models. However, the trained models allowed, with some error, for the reconstruction of the position of the user's legs for a more reliable display of the digital model of his body.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The data obtained showed the complexity of solving the problem of reconstructing a human body model using a limited amount of data, as well as a large error in a number of machine learning models. The comparison of models on different datasets proved low applicability of first-person data that did not contain information on the distance to the arms. On the other part, using absolute values of arm positions as input information provided for the reconstruction of the body model with significantly less error.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Точная реконструкция модели тела человека крайне важна для визуализации цифровых аватаров в виртуальных тренажерах и реабилитационных системах. Однако использование экзоскелетных систем может привести к перекрытию и экранированию датчиков, что затрудняет работу систем отслеживания. Это подчеркивает актуальность задачи реконструкции модели тела человека на основе ограниченного набора данных о движениях рук, как в сфере реабилитации, так и в спортивной подготовке. Существующие исследования сосредоточены либо на масштабных IMU-сетях, либо на полном видеоконтроле, не рассматривая вопрос реконструкции модели тела на основе данных о движениях рук. Цель данной работы заключается в разработке и тестировании методов машинного обучения, направленных на восстановление координат модели тела с использованием ограниченных данных, например, информации о положении рук.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Для проведения исследования была сформирована виртуальная имитационная среда, в которой виртуальный аватар выполнял различные движения. Эти движения фиксировались камерами с видом от первого лица и боковой. В качестве эталонных данных сохранялись положения ключевых точек модели тела относительно точки спины. Рассматривалась задача регрессии, целью которой было восстановление положения рук пользователя в полной модели его тела в пяти различных вариациях, включающих координаты ключевых точек, извлеченные из видео и виртуальной сцены. Задача также подразумевала сравнение различных моделей регрессии, среди которых были линейные модели, деревья решений, ансамбли, а также три глубокие нейронные сети (DenseNN, CNN-GRU, Transformer). Точность оценивалась с использованием MAE и среднего Евклидова отклонения сегментов тела. Проведены экспериментальные исследования на пяти наборах данных, размер которых варьировался от 25 до 180 тысяч кадров.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты исследования</title><p>Результаты исследования. Эксперименты показали, что ансамбли (LightGBM) наиболее эффективны в большинстве ситуаций. Среди нейросетевых моделей наименьшую погрешность обеспечила модель на базе CNN-GRU. Обучение моделей на последовательности из 20 кадров не дало значительного улучшения. Применение модуля инверсной кинематики на ряде сценариев позволяет снизить погрешность до 3 %, но в ряде случаев ухудшает итоговый результат.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение</title><p>Обсуждение. Анализ полученных результатов показал низкую точность реконструкции при использовании наборов данных от компьютерного зрения, а также отсутствие превосходства сложных моделей перед более простыми ансамблями и линейными моделями. Тем не менее, обученные модели позволяют с некоторой погрешностью восстанавливать положение ног пользователя для более достоверного отображения цифровой модели его тела.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Полученные данные показывают сложность решения задачи реконструкции модели тела человека при использовании ограниченного объема данных, а также большую погрешность у ряда моделей машинного обучения. Сравнение моделей на различных наборах данных показало низкую применимость данных от первого лица, не содержащих информацию о расстоянии до рук. С другой стороны, использование в качестве входной информации абсолютных значений положения рук позволяет осуществить реконструкцию модели тела со значительно меньшей погрешностью.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>реконструкция модели тела человека</kwd><kwd>машинное обучение</kwd><kwd>виртуальные тренажеры</kwd><kwd>ограниченные данные</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>reconstruction of the human body model</kwd><kwd>machine learning</kwd><kwd>virtual simulators</kwd><kwd>limited data</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования РФ в рамках проекта «Разработка иммерсивной системы взаимодействия с виртуальной реальностью для профессиональной подготовки на основе всенаправленной платформы» (124102100628-3).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research is done with the financial support from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation within the framework of the project “Development of an Immersive Virtual Reality Interaction System for Professional Training Based on an Omnidirectional Platform” (124102100628-3).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tiboni M, Borboni A, Vérité F, Bregoli Ch, Amici C. 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