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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">donstu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2687-1653</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Don State Technical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23947/2687-1653-2025-25-3-242-255</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">CRISFJ</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">donstu-2455</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, COMPUTER SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИНФОРМАТИКА, ВЫЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНАЯ ТЕХНИКА И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Obtaining a Set of Vibrational Signals from Rolling Bearings with Varying Degrees of Local Defect Development in the Outer Ring</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Получение набора вибрационных сигналов подшипника качения с разной степенью развития локального дефекта наружного кольца</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5485-9852</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колосова</surname><given-names>З. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolosova</surname><given-names>Z. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зоя Александровна Колосова, аспирант кафедры «Автоматика и управление»</p><p>454080, г. Челябинск, пр. Ленина, д. 76</p><p>Scopus ID: 59198139900</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zoya A. Kolosova, Postgraduate student of the Automation and Control Department</p><p>76, Lenin Ave., Chelyabinsk, 454080</p><p>Scopus ID: 59198139900  </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kolosovaza@susu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9915-0749</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колосова</surname><given-names>О. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolosova</surname><given-names>O. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ольга Петровна Колосова, кандидат технических наук, профессор кафедры «Техническая механика»</p><p>454080, г. Челябинск, пр. Ленина, д. 76</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga P. Kolosova, Cand.Sci. (Eng.), Professor of the Technical Mechanics Department</p><p>76, Lenin Ave., Chelyabinsk, 454080</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kolosovaop@susu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7275-6569</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шнайдер</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shnayder</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дмитрий Александрович Шнайдер, доктор технических наук, профессор кафедры «Автоматика и управление»</p><p>454080, Челябинская область, г. Челябинск, пр. Ленина, д. 76</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 57219166252</p><p>ResearcherID: R-6261-2016</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry A. Shnayder, Dr.Sci. (Eng.), Professor of the Automation and Control Department76, Lenin Ave., Chelyabinsk, 454080</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 57219166252</p><p>ResearcherID: R-6261-2016</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shnaiderda@susu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Южно-Уральский государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>South Ural State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>242</fpage><lpage>255</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Kolosova Z.A., Kolosova O.P., Shnayder D.A., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Колосова З.А., Колосова О.П., Шнайдер Д.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kolosova Z.A., Kolosova O.P., Shnayder D.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/2455">https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/2455</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The creation of reliable test sets of vibration signals remains a critical challenge in vibrodiagnostics, as the lack of data on early-stage bearing defects hinders the development and validation of diagnostic algorithms. Experimental acquisition of such signals is limited by the absence of appropriate test specimens and the long duration required for defect progression. Existing numerical simulation approaches demand high computational resources and complex setup, reducing their practical applicability. A significant gap in current research is the absence of a simple, reproducible, and validated methodology for generating signals that reflect the progressive development of defects. The objective of this study is to create a simplified methodology for generating a test set of bearing vibration signals that can be used to develop and verify new vibrodiagnostic techniques. The methodology is based on a combination of experimental and simulated signals.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. Experimental data were obtained from a laboratory setup simulating a rotor unit with a rolling bearing (type 180603). To simulate early-stage defects (single and double chipping pits), dynamic finite element modelling was performed using ANSYS Mechanical (version 16.2) based on plane elements Plane162 using the LS-DYNA package. The resulting impulse sequences were superimposed onto the measured signal from a healthy bearing to generate combined signals. All signals (3 experimental, 2 combined) were analyzed using Fourier transform, bandpass filtering (5.4 kHz), and calculation of statistical parameters: root mean square (RMS), crest factor, and excess coefficient. Analysis was conducted in Mathcad (version 15.0).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. As a result of the study, a method for generating a test set of vibration signals from a rolling bearing was developed, covering the serviceable state and the sequential development of a local defect of the outer ring. The results showed a correlation between the amplitude of vibration signals and the stages of defects — an increase in amplitudes was observed in the high-frequency region, which confirmed the interaction of rolling elements and defective surfaces. Additional statistical analysis revealed an increase in diagnostic parameters (RMS value, crest factor, and excess coefficient) as the damage developed. It was found that the simulated signals reproduced the characteristic signs of a defect and fitted correctly into the general trend of parameter changes.</p></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>Discussion. The data obtained demonstrate that the proposed technique makes it possible to simplify the generation of reference signals without the need for long-term accumulation of experimental data or damage to equipment. The physical validity of the simulated pulses and the consistency of growth dynamics of diagnostic parameters with real data confirm the possibility of using this method for standardized testing of vibrodiagnostic techniques.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The developed methodology provides an efficient and reproducible approach to generating test signal sets for vibrodiagnostics. It can be used to accelerate algorithm verification, reduce experimental costs, and improve diagnostic reliability. Future research will focus on simplifying impulse generation through analytical modelling and extending the methodology to other bearing types and defect forms.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Создание достоверных тестовых наборов вибрационных сигналов остаётся актуальной задачей вибродиагностики, поскольку отсутствие данных по ранним стадиям дефектов подшипников затрудняет разработку и верификацию алгоритмов диагностики. Экспериментальное получение таких сигналов ограничено отсутствием соответствующих образцов и длительностью процесса накопления повреждений. Существующие подходы на основе численного моделирования требуют высоких вычислительных ресурсов и сложной настройки, что снижает их практическую применимость. Пробелом в исследованиях является отсутствие простой, воспроизводимой и валидированной методики генерации сигналов, отражающих последовательное развитие дефекта. Целью данного исследования является создание упрощённой методики формирования тестового набора сигналов вибрации подшипника, который может использоваться для разработки и верификации новых методов вибродиагностики. Методика основана на комбинировании экспериментальных и смоделированных сигналов.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В исследовании использовались экспериментальные данные, полученные с лабораторной установки, моделирующей роторный узел с подшипником качения (тип 180603). Для имитации ранних стадий дефекта (единичная и двойная ямка выкрашивания) применялось динамическое моделирование методом конечных элементов в среде ANSYS Mechanical (версия 16.2) на основе плоских элементов Plane162 с применением пакета LS-DYNA. Полученные последовательности импульсов накладывались на измеренный сигнал исправного подшипника для формирования комбинированных сигналов. Все сигналы (3 экспериментальных, 2 комбинированных) подвергались анализу с использованием преобразования Фурье, полосовой фильтрации (октавная полоса частот 5,4 кГц) и расчёта статистических параметров: СКЗ, пик-фактора и коэффициента эксцесса. Анализ проводился в среде Mathcad (версия 15.0).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты исследования</title><p>Результаты исследования. В результате исследования разработана методика формирования тестового набора вибрационных сигналов подшипника качения, охватывающая исправное состояние и последовательное развитие локального дефекта наружного кольца. Результаты показали корреляцию между амплитудой вибрационных сигналов и стадиями дефектов — наблюдался рост амплитуд в высокочастотной области, что подтверждает взаимодействие тел качения с дефектными поверхностями. Дополнительный статистический анализ выявил увеличение диагностических параметров (среднего квадратического значения, пик-фактора и коэффициента эксцесса) по мере развития повреждения. Установлено, что смоделированные сигналы воспроизводят характерные признаки дефекта и корректно вписываются в общую тенденцию изменения параметров.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение</title><p>Обсуждение. Полученные данные демонстрируют, что предложенная методика позволяет упрощенно формировать эталонные сигналы без необходимости длительного накопления экспериментальных данных или повреждения оборудования. Физическая обоснованность смоделированных импульсов и согласованность динамики роста диагностических параметров с реальными данными подтверждают возможность использования данной методики для стандартизированного тестирования методов вибродиагностики.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Разработанная методика обеспечивает эффективное и воспроизводимое формирование тестовых наборов сигналов для вибродиагностики. Она может быть использована для ускоренной верификации алгоритмов, снижения затрат на эксперименты и повышения надёжности диагностики. В дальнейшем планируется упрощение генерации импульсов на основе аналитического моделирования и расширение методики на другие типы подшипников и дефектов.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вибродиагностика</kwd><kwd>подшипник качения</kwd><kwd>МКЭ</kwd><kwd>моделирование сигналов вибрации</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>vibrodiagnostics</kwd><kwd>rolling bearing</kwd><kwd>FEM</kwd><kwd>vibration signal modeling</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nguyen Duc Thuan, Hoang Si Hong. HUST Bearing: A Practical Dataset for Ball Bearing Fault Diagnosis. arXiv. 2023. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.12533</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nguyen Duc Thuan, Hoang Si Hong. 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