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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">donstu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2687-1653</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Don State Technical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23947/2687-1653-2025-25-4-2206</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">VHVNIF</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">donstu-2537</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MECHANICS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕХАНИКА</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Exact and Approximate Stiffness Matrix and Nodal Load Vector for a Beam Finite Element with Linearly Varying Stiffness along Its Length</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Точная и приближенная матрица жесткости и вектор узловых нагрузок балочного конечного элемента с линейным законом изменения жесткости по длине</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2299-4339</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цыбин</surname><given-names>Н. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsybin</surname><given-names>N. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Никита Юрьевич Цыбин, кандидат технических наук, доцент кафедры «Сопротивление материалов»</p><p>129337, г. Москва, Ярославское шоссе, дом 26</p><p>ResearcherID: I-3045-2016</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 56966570000</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikita Yu. Tsybin, Cand.Sci. (Eng.), Associate Professor of the Department of Strength of Materials</p><p>26, Yaroslavskoye Shosse, Moscow, 129337</p><p>ResearcherID: I-3045-2016</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 56966570000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">science@nikitatsybin.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский Московский государственный строительный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>275</fpage><lpage>289</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Tsybin N.Y., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Цыбин Н.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tsybin N.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/2537">https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/2537</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Modern trends in construction, related to the optimization of weight and materials, require accurate methods for calculating the stress-strain state, particularly of beams with variable stiffness. Analytical calculation of the stressstrain state for such beams is fraught with considerable difficulties, limiting its practical application. Numerical methods, specifically the Finite Element Method (FEM), are widely used to solve these problems, where the law of stiffness change is typically approximated by a piecewise (discrete) function. This study is aimed at the development of an approach based on piecewise-linear approximation of stiffness. Linear stiffness approximation suggests an optimal balance of accuracy and computational resources. This approach provides significantly higher accuracy compared to the traditional discrete approximation with similar computational complexity, allowing for adequate modeling of both smooth stiffness gradients and its violent changes.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. A first-approximation stiffness matrix for a one-dimensional beam finite element with linearly varying flexural stiffness was derived on the basis of a variational formulation of the problem. An exact stiffness matrix was obtained by direct integration of the differential equation for beam bending. In the calculation examples, an exact solution was obtained using the Maple software package. The numerical solution using FEM was implemented in the author's program written in Python.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. During the study, approximate and exact stiffness matrices of the beam finite element were obtained, as well as the vector of nodal reactions (loads) from distributed loads. The efficiency of the proposed approach was demonstrated by numerical examples. The results obtained by the FEM were verified using analytical calculations. Based on the performed calculations, recommendations and criteria for using the exact or approximate stiffness matrix were developed.</p></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>Discussion. Finite elements that account for linear change of stiffness along the length make it possible to increase the accuracy of the results and reduce the degree of discretization of the computational scheme by more than two times. The approximate matrix shows good convergence with a smooth change in stiffness along the length. In such cases, discrete approximation is also acceptable. The exact matrix allows for calculating cases where the stiffness within the beam changes by orders of magnitude with low error. The classical discrete approximation in this case does not ensure high accuracy of the calculation results.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The paper presents stiffness matrices for finite elements that account for linear change of stiffness along the length. Their derivation is performed by two methods: on the basis of a variational formulation of the problem, and by direct integration of the differential equation of bending. The resulting matrices enable more accurate stress-strain analysis of beams with variable stiffness. They have an analytical format that simplifies their integration into existing software systems. Further research will be directed towards applying the obtained matrices to the calculation of reinforced concrete beams, considering physical nonlinearity, as well as to solving problems of stability and dynamics of beams with variable stiffness.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Современные тенденции в строительстве, связанные с оптимизацией массы и материалов, требуют точных методов расчёта напряжённо-деформированного состояния, в частности для балок переменной жёсткости. Аналитический расчёт напряжённо-деформированного состояния таких балок сопряжён со значительными трудностями, что ограничивает его практическое применение. Для решения подобных задач широко используются численные методы, в частности метод конечных элементов (МКЭ), при этом закон изменения жёсткости обычно аппроксимируется ступенчатой (дискретной) функцией. Цель настоящей работы — разработать подход на основе кусочно-линейной аппроксимации жёсткости. Линейная аппроксимация жёсткости обеспечивает оптимальное соотношение точности, сложности и вычислительных ресурсов. Предлагаемый подход обеспечивает существенно более высокую точность по сравнению с традиционной дискретной аппроксимацией при сопоставимой вычислительной сложности — это позволяет адекватно моделировать как плавные градиенты жёсткости, так и резкие её изменения.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В первом приближении матрица жесткости одномерного балочного конечного элемента с линейно изменяющейся изгибной жесткостью получена на основе вариационной формулировки задачи. Точная матрица жесткости — методом непосредственного интегрирования дифференциального уравнения изгиба балки. Точные решения в примерах расчета получены с применением программного комплекса Maple. Численное решение, с использованием метода конечных элементов, реализовано в разработанной автором программе на языке программирования Python.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты исследования</title><p>Результаты исследования. В ходе исследования были получены приближенная и точная матрицы жесткости балочного конечного элемента, а также вектор узловых реакций (нагрузок) от распределенных нагрузок. Эффективность предложенного подхода продемонстрирована на примерах численного расчета. При этом результаты, полученные методом конечных элементов, верифицированы посредством аналитических вычислений. По итогам проведённых расчётов были выработаны рекомендации и критерии для использования точной или приближенной матрицы жесткости.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение</title><p>Обсуждение. Конечные элементы, учитывающие линейное изменение жесткости по длине, позволяют повысить точность получаемых результатов и снизить степень дискретизации расчетной схемы более чем в два раза. Приближенная матрица демонстрирует хорошую сходимость при плавном изменении жесткости по длине. В подобных случаях также допустимо применять дискретную аппроксимацию. Точная матрица позволяет с малой погрешностью рассчитывать ситуации, в которых жесткость в пределах балки изменяется на несколько порядков. Классическая дискретная аппроксимация в таких случаях не обеспечивает высокой точности результатов расчета.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. В данной работе были получены матрицы жесткости конечных элементов с учетом линейного изменения жесткости по длине. Их вывод осуществлен двумя методами: на основе вариационной постановки задачи и путём непосредственного интегрирования дифференциального уравнения изгиба. Полученные матрицы позволяют выполнять более точный анализ напряжённо-деформированного состояния балок переменной жесткости. Они обладают аналитическим видом, что упрощает их внедрение в существующие программные комплексы. Дальнейшие исследования будут направлены на применение этих матриц к расчёту железобетонных балок с учетом физической нелинейности, а также на решение задач устойчивости и динамики балок переменной жесткости.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>метод конечных элементов</kwd><kwd>матрица жесткости</kwd><kwd>балочный элемент</kwd><kwd>переменная жесткость</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>finite element method</kwd><kwd>stiffness matrix</kwd><kwd>beam element</kwd><kwd>variable stiffness</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chepurnenko AS, Turina VS, Akopyan VF. Optimization of Rectangular and Box Sections in Oblique Bending and Eccentric Compression. 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