<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">donstu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2687-1653</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Don State Technical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23947/2687-1653-2025-25-4-2156</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">XOCYKW</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">donstu-2539</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MECHANICS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕХАНИКА</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Investigation of the Actual Value of the Vacuum Time of a Measuring Vessel by Ejector</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Исследование фактического значения времени вакуумирования мерной емкости эжектором</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5312-934X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Савчук</surname><given-names>С. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Savchuk</surname><given-names>S. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сергей Игоревич Савчук, кандидат технических наук, доцент кафедры «Автомобильный транспорт и организация дорожного движения»</p><p>295015, Республика Крым, г. Симферополь, пер. Учебный, 8</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey I. Savchuk, Cand.Sci. (Eng.), Associate Professor of the Department of Automobile Transport and Traffic Management</p><p>8, Uchebnyi Lane, Simferopol, 295015, Republic of Crimea</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ofelos@outlook.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3477-2036</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Умеров</surname><given-names>Э. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Umerov</surname><given-names>E. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Эрвин Джеватович Умеров, кандидат технических наук, доцент кафедры «Автомобильный транспорт и организация дорожного движения»</p><p>295015, Республика Крым, г. Симферополь, пер. Учебный, 8</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 57197734041</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ervin D. Umerov, Cand.Sci. (Eng.), Associate Professor of the Department of Automobile Transport and Traffic Management</p><p>8, Uchebnyi Lane, Simferopol, 295015, Republic of Crimea</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 57197734041</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Ervin777@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Крымский инженерно-педагогический университет имени Февзи Якубова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University named after Fevzi Yakubov</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>300</fpage><lpage>310</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Savchuk S.I., Umerov E.D., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Савчук С.И., Умеров Э.Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Savchuk S.I., Umerov E.D.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/2539">https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/2539</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. In industry, the process of obtaining technological vacuum using ejectors that utilize the kinetic energy of a jet of compressed air is widely used. The selection of the required ejector model, as well as their number (when creating a field of ejectors), is performed proceeding from the compliance of the ejector characteristics with the key parameters of the designed process technology. One of the most important characteristics of an ejector, significantly affecting the overall performance of the vacuum system, is the evacuation time of the graduated (calibrated) container. However, in technical literature, this parameter is not specified for the maximum vacuum depth produced by the ejector, nor for the corresponding supply pressure, but for certain, less-defined parameters, referred to as optimal by ejector manufacturers. In such cases, it is impossible to accurately estimate the actual value of an important criterion. Therefore, the objective of this work is to experimentally determine the actual value of the vacuum time of a graduated (calibrated) vessel for various types of ejectors.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. Experimental studies were performed on a stand specifically designed and manufactured by the authors, which made it possible to study various parameters of vacuum ejectors. In particular, the stand provided establishing the exact time of vacuuming a measuring vessel using ejectors with a nozzle diameter from 0.1 to 4.0 mm at a supply pressure value that induced the maximum vacuum depth for each model under study. The research was carried out using the most popular vacuum ejectors of the VEB, VEBL, VED and VEDL families manufactured by Camozzi at a pre-determined, precisely set input supply pressure for each ejector size. The actual values of the vacuum time at the highest vacuum depth for each ejector were experimentally determined.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. It has been established that the performance of VEB, VEBL, VEDL, and VED series ejectors differs from that stated in the manufacturer's catalog. The time required to reach maximum vacuum for each ejector exceeds the manufacturer's specifications by 25–40%, which impacts the performance of the vacuum system.</p></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>Discussion. The experimental data have shown that the actual values of the vacuum time of the measuring vessel differ from the values given in the catalogs of manufacturers of ejectors. This difference is explained by the fact that when conducting appropriate tests, manufacturers are guided not by the maximum vacuum depth created by the ejector, but by the vacuum depth created by a certain “optimal” (the wording of the ejector manufacturer) value of the supply pressure. In almost all the cases considered by us, this “optimal” supply pressure produced a vacuum, whose depth differed from the maximum. In this regard, it seems advisable to adjust the value of the inlet supply pressure to attain the maximum vacuum depth for each type of ejector.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. The results of the obtained values of the vacuum creation time in one liter of volume at the maximum depth of the vacuum produced by the ejector provide a more accurate selection of vacuum ejectors depending on the required process tasks, ensure the greatest efficiency and cost-effectiveness of automated vacuum systems. The research results can be used by all ejector manufacturers to adjust their basic catalogs and appropriate recommendations for the use of these products. Further research will be conducted to study the accuracy of the geometric shapes of the surface of the ejector channel, the purity of processing, and their production technology, which affect the passage of air flow.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. В промышленности широко распространен процесс получения технологического вакуума с помощью эжекторов, использующих кинетическую энергию струи сжатого воздуха. Выбор необходимой модели эжектора, а при создании поля эжекторов также и их количества, осуществляется исходя из соответствия характеристик эжектора основным параметрам проектируемого технологического процесса. Одной из важных характеристик эжектора, существенно влияющих на повышение производительности всей вакуумной системы в целом, является время вакуумирования мерной (тарированной) емкости. При этом в технической литературе данный параметр приводится не при максимальной глубине вакуума, производимого эжектором, и не при соответствующей этому значению величине питающего давления, а при некоторых, не вполне определенных параметрах, называемых изготовителями эжекторов оптимальными. В таких случаях невозможно точно оценить фактическое значение важного критерия. В связи с этим цель данной работы — путем экспериментальных исследований установить фактическое значение времени вакуумирования мерной (тарированной) емкости для различных типов эжекторов.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Экспериментальные исследования проводились на специально спроектированном и изготовленном авторами стенде, позволяющем изучать различные параметры вакуумных эжекторов. В частности, стенд дает возможность установить точное время вакуумирования мерной емкости эжекторами, имеющими диаметр сопла от 0,1 до 4,0 мм при величине питающего давления, обеспечивающего максимальную глубину вакуума для каждой исследуемой модели. Исследования проводились с использованием наиболее популярных вакуумных эжекторов семейств VEB, VEBL, VED и VEDL производства Camozzi при заранее определенной, точно заданной величине входного питающего давления для каждого типоразмера эжектора. Фактические значения времени вакуумирования при наибольшей глубине вакуума для каждого эжектора определялись экспериментально.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты исследования</title><p>Результаты исследования. Установлено, что производительность эжекторов серий VEB, VEBL, VEDL и VED отличается от данных, приведенных в каталоге фирмы-изготовителя. Необходимое время для достижения максимальной глубины вакуума каждого из эжекторов превышает на 25–40 % приведенные производителем данные, и эта «погрешность» сказывается в итоге на производительности вакуумной системы.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение</title><p>Обсуждение. Экспериментальные данные показали, что отличие действительных значений времени вакуумирования мерной емкости от значений, приведенных в каталогах фирмы-изготовителя эжекторов, объясняется тем, что при проведении соответствующих испытаний изготовитель ориентируется не на максимальную глубину вакуума, создаваемую эжектором, а на глубину вакуума, создаваемую неким «оптимальным» (формулировка изготовителя) значением питающего давления. Практически во всех рассмотренных авторами статьи случаях это «оптимальное» питающее давление производило вакуум, глубина которого отличалась от максимальной. В этой связи представляется целесообразным вводить корректировку величины входного питающего давления для достижения максимальной глубины вакуума для каждого типа эжектора.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Полученные значения времени создания вакуума в одном литре объема при максимальной глубине вакуума, производимого эжектором, позволяют осуществлять более точный выбор вакуумных эжекторов в зависимости от решаемых технологических задач, обеспечить наибольшую эффективность и экономичность автоматизированных вакуумных систем. Результаты исследований могут быть использованы всеми фирмами-изготовителями эжекторов для корректировки их базовых каталогов и соответствующих рекомендаций по применению этих изделий. Дальнейшие исследования в этой области будут направлены на изучение точности геометрических форм поверхности канала эжектора, чистоты обработки и технологии их производства, влияющие на прохождение воздушного потока.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>глубина вакуума</kwd><kwd>вакуумный эжектор</kwd><kwd>мерная емкость</kwd><kwd>питающее давление эжекторов</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>vacuum depth</kwd><kwd>vacuum ejector</kwd><kwd>measuring vessel</kwd><kwd>ejector supply pressure</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Savchuk SI, Umerov ED, Abdulgazis AU. Investigation of the Optimal Vacuum Depth Created by the Ejector Depending on the Value of the Supply Pressure. Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don). 2025;25(1):43–51. https://doi.org/10.23947/2687-1653-2025-25-1-43-51</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Savchuk SI, Umerov ED, Abdulgazis AU. Investigation of the Optimal Vacuum Depth Created by the Ejector Depending on the Value of the Supply Pressure. Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don). 2025;25(1):43–51. https://doi.org/10.23947/2687-1653-2025-25-1-43-51</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xinyue Hao, Jiwei Yan, Neng Gao, Volovyk O, Yifan Zhou, Guangming Chen. Experimental Investigation of an Improved Ejector with Optimal Flow Profile. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering. 2023;47:103089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2023.103089</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xinyue Hao, Jiwei Yan, Neng Gao, Volovyk O, Yifan Zhou, Guangming Chen. Experimental Investigation of an Improved Ejector with Optimal Flow Profile. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering. 2023;47:103089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2023.103089</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yongzhi Tang, Zhongliang Liu, Can Shi, Yanxia Li. A Novel Steam Ejector with Pressure Regulation to Optimize the Entrained Flow Passage for Performance Improvement in MED-TVC Desalination System. Energy Conversion and Management. 2018;172(8):237–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.07.022</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yongzhi Tang, Zhongliang Liu, Can Shi, Yanxia Li. A Novel Steam Ejector with Pressure Regulation to Optimize the Entrained Flow Passage for Performance Improvement in MED-TVC Desalination System. Energy Conversion and Management. 2018;172(8):237–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.07.022</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tashtoush BM, Al-Nimr MA, Khasawneh MA. A Comprehensive Review of Ejector Design, Performance, and Applications. Applied Energy. 2019;240:138–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.185</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tashtoush BM, Al-Nimr MA, Khasawneh MA. A Comprehensive Review of Ejector Design, Performance, and Applications. Applied Energy. 2019;240:138–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.185</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elhub B, Mat S, Sopian K, Elbreki AM, Ruslan MH, Ammar AA. Performance Evaluation and Parametric Studies on Variable Nozzle Ejector Using R134A. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering. 2018;12:258–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2018.04.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elhub B, Mat S, Sopian K, Elbreki AM, Ruslan MH, Ammar AA. Performance Evaluation and Parametric Studies on Variable Nozzle Ejector Using R134A. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering. 2018;12:258–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2018.04.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tao Hai, Masood Ashraf Ali, Dhahad HA, Alizadeh A, Sharma K, Sattam Fahad Almojil, et al. A Novel Bi-Evaporator Cooling System via Integration of Absorption Refrigeration Cycle for Waste Energy Recovery from an Ejector-Expansion Trans-Critical CO2 (EETRCC) Cycle: Proposal and Optimization with Environmental Considerations. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments. 2023;57(12):103118. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2023.103118</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tao Hai, Masood Ashraf Ali, Dhahad HA, Alizadeh A, Sharma K, Sattam Fahad Almojil, et al. A Novel BiEvaporator Cooling System via Integration of Absorption Refrigeration Cycle for Waste Energy Recovery from an Ejector-Expansion Trans-Critical CO2 (EETRCC) Cycle: Proposal and Optimization with Environmental Considerations. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments. 2023;57(12):103118. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2023.103118</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arvind Kumar, Surendra Yadav, Virendra Kumar, Abhishek Kulkarni. A Comprehensive Exploration of Ejector Design, Operational Factors, Performance Metrics, and Practical Applications. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering. 2024;46:39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-023-04618-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arvind Kumar, Surendra Yadav, Virendra Kumar, Abhishek Kulkarni. A Comprehensive Exploration of Ejector Design, Operational Factors, Performance Metrics, and Practical Applications. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering. 2024;46:39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-023-04618-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mazzelli F, Little AB, Garimella S, Bartosiewicz Y. Computational and Experimental Analysis of Supersonic Air Ejector: Turbulence Modeling and Assessment of 3D Effects. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow. 2015;56:305–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2015.08.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mazzelli F, Little AB, Garimella S, Bartosiewicz Y. Computational and Experimental Analysis of Supersonic Air Ejector: Turbulence Modeling and Assessment of 3D Effects. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow. 2015;56:305–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2015.08.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yin-Hai Zhu, Yanzhong Li. Novel Ejector Model for Performance Evaluation on Both Dry and Wet Vapors Ejectors. International Journal of Refrigeration. 2009;32(1):21–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2008.08.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yin-Hai Zhu, Yanzhong Li. Novel Ejector Model for Performance Evaluation on Both Dry and Wet Vapors Ejectors. International Journal of Refrigeration. 2009;32(1):21–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2008.08.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yuyan Hou, Fengwu Chen, Sheng Zhang, Weixiong Chen, Jiantao Zheng, Daotong Chong, et al. Numerical Simulation Study on the Influence of Primary Nozzle Deviation on the Steam Ejector Performance. International Journal of Thermal Sciences. 2022;17:107633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2022.107633</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yuyan Hou, Fengwu Chen, Sheng Zhang, Weixiong Chen, Jiantao Zheng, Daotong Chong, et al. Numerical Simulation Study on the Influence of Primary Nozzle Deviation on the Steam Ejector Performance. International Journal of Thermal Sciences. 2022;17:107633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2022.107633</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zuozhou Chen, Chaobin Dang, Eiji Hihara. Investigations on Driving Flow Expansion Characteristics inside Ejectors. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2015;108(A):490–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.12.040</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zuozhou Chen, Chaobin Dang, Eiji Hihara. Investigations on Driving Flow Expansion Characteristics inside Ejectors. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2015;108(A):490–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.12.040</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sunghoon Baek, Seungbin Ko, Simon Song, Sungmin Ryu. Numerical Study of High-Speed Two-Phase Ejector Performance with R134a Refrigerant. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2018;126(A):1071–1082. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.05.053</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sunghoon Baek, Seungbin Ko, Simon Song, Sungmin Ryu. Numerical Study of High-Speed Two-Phase Ejector Performance with R134a Refrigerant. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2018;126(A):1071–1082. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.05.053</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Levchenko DA, Meleychuk SS, Arseniev VM. Substantive Provision of a Method of Calculation Vortical Ejector Stage of the Vacuum Unit. Procedia Engineering. 2012;39:28–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.07.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levchenko DA, Meleychuk SS, Arseniev VM. Substantive Provision of a Method of Calculation Vortical Ejector Stage of the Vacuum Unit. Procedia Engineering. 2012;39:28–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.07.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kumar V, Sachdeva G. 1-D Model for Finding Geometry of a Single Phase Ejector. Energy. 2018;165(A):75–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.09.071</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kumar V, Sachdeva G. 1-D Model for Finding Geometry of a Single Phase Ejector. Energy. 2018;165(A):75–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.09.071</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arun Kumar R, Rajesh G. Physics of Vacuum Generation in Zero-Secondary Flow Ejectors. Physics of Fluids. 2018;30(6):066102. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5030073</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arun Kumar R, Rajesh G. Physics of Vacuum Generation in Zero-Secondary Flow Ejectors. Physics of Fluids. 2018;30(6):066102. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5030073</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karthick SK, Rao SM,Jagadeesh G, Reddy KP. Parametric Experimental Studies on Mixing Characteristics within a Low Area Ratio Rectangular Supersonic Gaseous Ejector. Physics of Fluids. 2016;28(7):076101. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4954669</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karthick SK, Rao SM,Jagadeesh G, Reddy KP. Parametric Experimental Studies on Mixing Characteristics within a Low Area Ratio Rectangular Supersonic Gaseous Ejector. Physics of Fluids. 2016;28(7):076101. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4954669</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гессе С. Сжатый воздух как носитель энергии. Москва: Фесто; 2004. 128 с. Hesse S. Compressed Air as an Energy Carrier. Moscow: Festo; 2004. 128 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Гессе С. Сжатый воздух как носитель энергии. Москва: Фесто; 2004. 128 с. Hesse S. Compressed Air as an Energy Carrier. Moscow: Festo; 2004. 128 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goodman N, Leege BJ, Johnson PE. An Improved de Laval Nozzle Experiment. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education. 2021;50(2):513–537. https://doi.org/10.1177/03064190211034165</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goodman N, Leege BJ, Johnson PE. An Improved de Laval Nozzle Experiment. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education. 2021;50(2):513–537. https://doi.org/10.1177/03064190211034165</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moukalled F, Mangani L, Darwish M. The Finite Volume Method in Computational Fluid Dynamics. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2016. 113 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16874-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moukalled F, Mangani L, Darwish M. The Finite Volume Method in Computational Fluid Dynamics. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2016. 113 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16874-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Савчук С.И., Умеров Э.Д., Абдулгазис У.А. Стенд для оценки глубины вакуума, подводимого к специализированным присоскам, используемым в технологических процессах сервиса при эксплуатации и производстве автомобилей. Ученые записки Крымского инженерно-педагогического университета. 2023;82(4):225–230. https://doi.org/10.34771/UZCEPU.2023.82.4.043.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Savchuk SI, Umerov ED, Abdulgazis UA. Stand for Assessing the Depth of Vacuum Supplied to Specialized Suction Cups Used in Technological Processes of Service during Operation and Production of Cars. Scientific Notes of the Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University. 2023;82(4):225–230. https://doi.org/10.34771/UZCEPU.2023.82.4.043.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
