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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">donstu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2687-1653</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Don State Technical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23947/2687-1653-2025-25-4-2184</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">JZUDVV</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">donstu-2541</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MECHANICS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕХАНИКА</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Analysis of Deformation Energy Dissipation in Reinforced-Layer Pavement</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анализ диссипации энергии деформирования в дорожных одеждах с укрепленными слоями</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5912-1235</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тиратурян</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tiraturyan</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Артем Николаевич Тиратурян, доктор технических наук, профессор кафедры «Автомобильные дороги»</p><p>344003, г. Ростов-на-Дону, пл. Гагарина, 1</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 57190178833</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Artem N. Tiraturyan, Dr.Sci. (Eng.), Professor of the Motorways Department</p><p>1, Gagarin Sq., Rostov-on-Don, 344003</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 57190178833</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Ttiraturjan@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Донской государственный технический университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Don State Technical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>324</fpage><lpage>336</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Tiraturyan A.N., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Тиратурян А.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tiraturyan A.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/2541">https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/2541</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The design of road pavements for highways is a key stage of project development, directly impacting their durability and operational costs. In recent years, in the context of increasing traffic intensity and dynamic loads, technologies for strengthening roadbeds and bases, such as geosynthetic reinforcement and stabilized layers, have become widespread, making the study on their efficiency a challenge. Literature notes the practical advantages of reinforced layers — increased load-bearing capacity and reduced deformation. However, models for energy dissipation under dynamic impacts in structures with such layers are underdeveloped. Theoretical approaches to analyzing energy dissipation, including linear-elastic and viscoelastic models and finite element methods, have been primarily applied to traditional structures. Their adaptation to reinforced and stabilized layers requires further development, as there remain gaps in the quantitative comparison of efficiency by location and rigidity of reinforcements. The objective of the presented work is to analyze the dissipation of deformation energy in the structure of road pavements with different options for the arrangement of reinforced layers, and to determine optimal design solutions that contribute to increasing the durability of road pavements. To achieve this, it is required to formalize an energy dissipation model for structures with reinforcements, conduct a comparative analysis of different locations and rigidity levels of the layers.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. The research utilized a comprehensive approach to the analysis of deformation processes in layered media using road pavements as an example, involving both a calculation tool and modern experimental equipment. As a calculation tool, a mathematical model of a layered half-space in an axisymmetric formulation in a cylindrical coordinate system was used. It was based on the solution to the system of dynamic Lame equations and allowed for the construction of amplitude-time characteristics of vertical displacements and impact loading impulse, on the basis of which it was possible to construct dynamic hysteresis loops. The FWD PRIMAX 1500 shock loading unit was used as experimental equipment, which made it possible to register similar characteristics of the road pavement response under field conditions at a load equivalent to the calculated one.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The study involved numerical modeling of road pavement structures traditionally used in the Russian Federation and so-called full-depth road pavements, which were composed almost entirely of materials reinforced with binders. Dynamic hysteresis loops were constructed, and a comparative analysis of the results was provided. A numerical experiment revealed that strengthening only the subgrade layer, even without installing a reinforced base layer beneath the asphalt concrete, reduced the amount of dissipated deformation energy. It was also concluded that the elastic modulus of the underlying half-space simulating the subgrade had the greatest impact on the amount of dissipated energy.</p></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>Discussion. The greatest effect, both technical and economic, can be reached by strengthening the top of the roadbed while preserving the loose layers in the base of the road structure. This solution will bring the functioning of the road surface closer to the elastic stage and at the same time reduce the risk of cracks appearing on the surface of the pavement due to an excessively rigid layer of reinforced base.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. On the basis of the constructed dynamic hysteresis loops, it is shown that a reduction in the magnitude of deformation energy can be obtained both by installing reinforced layers of the road surface throughout its entire depth, and by locally strengthening the underlying half-space layer and an additional base layer made of sand. The numerical experiment demonstrated that the use of reinforced base layers reduced the amount of deformation energy dissipation in the pavement structure by more than 2–3 times. Qualitative agreement between the experimental results and the numerical simulation results was shown.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Конструирование дорожных одежд автомобильных дорог — ключевой этап проектирования, напрямую влияющий на их долговечность и эксплуатационные расходы. В последние годы в условиях роста интенсивности и динамической нагрузки транспорта получили распространение такие технологии укрепления земляного полотна и оснований, как геосинтетические армирования и стабилизированные слои, что делает изучение их эффективности особенно актуальным. В литературе отмечаются практические преимущества укреплённых слоёв — повышение несущей способности и снижение деформаций. Однако недостаточно разработаны модели диссипации энергии при динамических воздействиях в конструкциях с такими слоями. Теоретические подходы к анализу рассеяния энергии, включая линейно-упругие и вязкоупругие модели и методы конечных элементов, в основном применялись к традиционным конструкциям, их адаптация для армированных и стабилизированных слоёв требует доработки, поскольку остаются пробелы в количественном сравнении эффективности по местоположению и жёсткости укреплений. Цель представленной работы — анализ диссипации энергии деформирования в структуре дорожных одежд с различными вариантами расположения укрепленных слоев и определение оптимальных конструктивных решений, способствующих повышению долговечности дорожных покрытий. Для ее достижения необходимо было формализовать модель диссипации энергии для конструкций с укреплениями, провести сравнительный анализ вариантов расположения и жёсткости слоёв.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В рамках исследования применен комплексный подход к анализу процессов деформирования слоистых сред на примере дорожных одежд, предполагающий применение как расчетного аппарата, так и современного экспериментального оборудования. В качестве расчетного аппарата использовалась математическая модель слоистого полупространства в осесимметричной постановке в цилиндрической системе координат, базирующаяся на решении системы динамических уравнений Ламе и позволяющая строить амплитудно-временные характеристики вертикальных перемещений и импульса ударного нагружения, на основе которых возможно построение динамических петель гистерезиса. В качестве экспериментального оборудования применена установка ударного нагружения FWD PRIMAX 1500, позволяющая регистрировать аналогичные характеристики отклика дорожной одежды в натурных условиях при нагружении, эквивалентном расчетному.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты исследования</title><p>Результаты исследования. В ходе исследования выполнено численное моделирование конструкций дорожных одежд, традиционно используемых в Российской Федерации, и так называемых полноглубинных дорожных одежд, состоящих практически полностью из материалов, укрепленных вяжущими. Построены динамические петли гистерезиса и дано сравнительное описание полученных результатов. В ходе численного эксперимента установлено, что укрепление только слоя земляного полотна даже без устройства укрепленного слоя основания под асфальтобетоном позволяет снизить величину рассеиваемой энергии деформирования. Также сделан вывод о том, что в наибольшей степени влияние на величину рассеиваемой энергии оказывает именно модуль упругости подстилающего полупространства, моделирующего земляное полотно.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение</title><p>Обсуждение. Наибольший эффект, как технический, так и экономический, может быть достигнут путем укрепления верха земляного полотна с сохранением несвязных слоев в основании дорожной конструкции. Это решение позволит приблизить функционирование дорожной одежды к упругой стадии и вместе с тем снизить риски появления трещин на поверхности покрытия из-за излишне жесткого слоя укрепленного основания.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. На основании построенных динамических петель гистерезиса показано, что снижение величины энергии деформирования может быть достигнуто как устройством укрепленных слоев дорожной одежды по всей ее глубине, так и локальным укреплением слоя подстилающего полупространства и дополнительного слоя основания из песка. В ходе численного эксперимента доказано, что устройство укрепленных слоев оснований более чем в 2–3 раза снижает величину диссипации энергии деформирования в структуре дорожной одежды. Продемонстрировано качественное совпадение результатов экспериментальных исследований и результатов численного моделирования.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дорожные одежды</kwd><kwd>диссипация энергии</kwd><kwd>установка ударного нагружения</kwd><kwd>петли динамического гистерезиса</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>road pavements</kwd><kwd>energy dissipation</kwd><kwd>shock loading unit</kwd><kwd>dynamic hysteresis loops</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда (грант № 24-29-00110), https://rscf.ru/project/24-29-00110/</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research was done with the financial support from the Russian Science Foundation (grant no. 24-29-00110), https://rscf.ru/project/24-29-00110/</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raza MS, Sharma SK. 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