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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">donstu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2687-1653</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Don State Technical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23947/2687-1653-2026-26-2-2228</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">CNWWGW</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">donstu-2670</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, COMPUTER SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИНФОРМАТИКА, ВЫЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНАЯ ТЕХНИКА И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Efficiency and Prospects of the Experimental QUIC Protocol</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эффективность и перспективы экспериментального протокола Quick User Datagram Protocol Internet Connections</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8371-3358</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рахмани</surname><given-names>Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rahmani</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Джахед Рахмани, старший преподаватель кафедры «Сетевые информационные технологии и сервисы»</p><p>111024, г. Москва, ул. Авиамоторная, 8 а</p><p>SPIN-код: 6651-0628</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Jahed Rahmani, Senior Lecturer of the Department of Network Information Technologies and Services</p><p>8a, Aviamotornaya Str., Moscow, 111024</p><p>SPIN-code: 6651-0628</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">j.rahmani@mtuci.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0739-4959</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сухарев</surname><given-names>С. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sukharev</surname><given-names>S. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Серафим Павлович Сухарев, техник НИО «Центр искусственного интеллекта и перспективных проектов»</p><p>111024, г. Москва, ул. Авиамоторная, 8 а</p><p>ResearcherID: OLS-0210-2025</p><p>SPIN-код: 2574-1510</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Serafim P. Sukharev, Technician of the Research and Innovation Department “Center for Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Projects”</p><p>8a, Aviamotornaya Str., Moscow, 111024</p><p>ResearcherID: OLS-0210-2025</p><p>SPIN-code: 2574-1510</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">s.p.suharev@mtuci.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский технический университет связи и информатики</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow Technical University of Communication and Informatics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>2228</fpage><lpage>2228</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Rahmani J., Sukharev S.P., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Рахмани Д., Сухарев С.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Rahmani J., Sukharev S.P.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/2670">https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/2670</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Ensuring and improving the availability of web resources on the Internet is a crucial task for developers of information systems. A critical role in the page accessibility via the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is played by the protocol version and its transport-level implementation. The QUIC (Quick User Datagram Protocol Internet Connections) protocol, developed by Google, provides an increase in resource loading speed through the use of User Datagram Protocol (UDP) in HTTP/3. However, QUIC has an experimental status, and existing research primarily focuses on theoretical aspects or general performance metrics in the global network. At the same time, the following aspects remain insufficiently studied: simultaneous comparison of three protocol versions under unified controlled conditions, practical complexities of configuration and the effect of congestion control algorithms on application-level metrics, labor costs for implementation and configuration, tuning efforts, and quantifying gains under controlled condition.</p><p>These gaps create a disconnect between theoretical expectations and practical implementation. Therefore, the objective of this study is to experimentally evaluate the applied performance of HTTP/3 (QUIC) under controlled conditions on a unified testbed, including a comparison of HTTP/1.1, HTTP/2, and HTTP/3, an analysis of the impact of the CUBIC and BBR congestion control algorithms, and documentation of the HTTP/3 server configuration procedure.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. A testbed was deployed based on a virtual server running the Linux operating system (OS) and the nginx web server supporting HTTP/1.1, HTTP/3 (QUIC), and congestion control algorithms CUBIC and Bottleneck Bandwidth and Round-trip propagation time (BBR). The Google Chrome browser over a 4G network was used as the client. Performance was evaluated using the Time to First Byte (TTFB) metric, file download speed, and total web page load time. Measurements were performed multiple times using Chrome DevTools and client-side scripts. The paper provides a detailed description of the server configuration process for enabling HTTP/3.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The experiments showed that using HTTP/3 (QUIC) reduced the time to first byte by 23.06% and accelerated full page load by 9.5% compared to HTTP/1.1. The theoretical model predicted a TTFB reduction of 71.43% due to the combined QUIC and TLS 1.3 handshake. The observed discrepancy was attributed to the specifics of UDP traffic processing by internet service providers, the experimental status of the implementation, and mobile channel instability. When downloading large files, the CUBIC and BBR algorithms provided comparable average speeds (≈13.12 MB/s and 12.75 MB/s, respectively). However, BBR transmitted 18.2% more data within the first three seconds, demonstrating faster ramp-up to operational speed and a more stable transfer profile.</p></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>Discussion. Practical results partially differed from theoretical estimates: the observed latency reduction was lower than expected due to Transport Layer Security (TLS) implementation features, UDP traffic processing by Internet providers, and hardware characteristics. It is shown that the advantages of QUIC/HTTP/3 are most noticeable under conditions of multiple short requests and high latency. The advantage of BBR over CUBIC is realized not in long-duration transfers, but when loading numerous small page resources — a typical web interaction scenario. To improve the reliability of performance evaluation, further experiments are planned under various network conditions, protocol implementations, and geographically distributed clients.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The study confirmed the advantages of HTTP/3 (QUIC): TTFB decreased by 23.06%, and page load time by 9.5%. However, the theoretical model predicted a greater reduction, indicating the influence of implementation and network environment factors. The comparison of CUBIC and BBR revealed the advantage of BBR when transferring small-sized files. Despite the complexity of HTTP/3 configuration, the transition is justified for services with a significant number of resources. The experimental limitations indicate the need for further studies under different network scenarios.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Обеспечение и повышение доступности веб-ресурсов в сети Интернет представляет собой актуальную задачу для разработчиков информационных систем. Критическую роль в доступности страниц по протоколу Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) играет версия протокола и его реализация на транспортном уровне. Протокол Quick User Datagram Protocol Internet Connections (QUIC), разработанный компанией Google, позволяет добиться прироста скорости загрузки ресурсов за счёт применения протокола User Datagram Protocol (UDP) в HTTP/3. Однако QUIC имеет статус экспериментального, а в существующих исследованиях основное внимание уделяется теоретическим аспектам или общим показателям в глобальной сети. При этом остаются недостаточно изученными: одновременное сопоставление трёх версий протокола в единых контролируемых условиях, практические сложности конфигурирования и влияние алгоритмов контроля перегрузок на прикладные метрики; трудозатраты на внедрение и настройку; усилия по настройке и количественная оценка выигрыша в контролируемых условиях. Указанные пробелы формируют разрыв между теоретическими ожиданиями и практической реализацией. Поэтому целью данного исследования явилась экспериментальная оценка прикладной эффективности HTTP/3 (QUIC) в контролируемых условиях на едином тестовом стенде, включающая сопоставление HTTP/1.1, HTTP/2, HTTP/3, анализ влияния алгоритмов контроля перегрузок CUBIC и BBR и документирование процедуры конфигурирования HTTP/3-сервера.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Для исследования был развёрнут тестовый стенд на основе виртуального сервера под управлением операционной системы (ОС) Linux и веб-сервера nginx с поддержкой HTTP/1.1, HTTP/3 (QUIC), а также алгоритмов контроля перегрузок CUBIC и Bottleneck Bandwidth and Round-trip propagation time (BBR). В качестве клиента использовался браузер Google Chrome в сети 4G. Производительность оценивалась по метрике Time to First Byte (TTFB), скорости загрузки файлов и времени полной загрузки веб-страницы. Замеры выполнялись многократно с использованием Chrome DevTools и клиентских скриптов. В статье подробно описан процесс настройки сервера для работы с HTTP/3.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты исследований</title><p>Результаты исследований. Эксперименты показали, что применение HTTP/3 (QUIC) сокращает время до первого байта на 23,06 % и ускоряет полную загрузку страницы на 9,5 % по сравнению с HTTP/1.1. Теоретическая модель прогнозировала снижение TTFB на 71,43 % за счёт объединённого рукопожатия QUIC и TLS 1.3. Выявленное расхождение обусловлено особенностями обработки UDP-трафика операторами, экспериментальным статусом реализации и нестабильностью мобильного канала. При скачивании крупных файлов алгоритмы CUBIC и BBR обеспечили сопоставимую среднюю скорость (≈13,12 и 12,75 МБ/с соответственно). Однако BBR за первые три секунды передал на 18,2 % больше данных, демонстрируя более быстрый выход на рабочую скорость и стабильный профиль передачи.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение</title><p>Обсуждение. Практические результаты частично расходятся с теоретическими оценками: снижение задержки оказалось меньше прогнозируемого из-за особенностей реализации Transport Layer Security (TLS), обработки UDP-трафика провайдерами и характеристик оборудования. Показано, что преимущества QUIC/HTTP/3 наиболее заметны при множественных коротких запросах и высоких задержках. Преимущество BBR перед CUBIC реализуется не на длительных передачах, а при загрузке множества небольших ресурсов страницы — типичного сценария веб-взаимодействий. Для повышения достоверности оценки производительности планируется расширение экспериментов с различными сетевыми условиями, реализациями протокола и географически распределёнными клиентами.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Исследование подтвердило преимущество HTTP/3 (QUIC): TTFB снизился на 23,06 %, время загрузки страницы — на 9,5 %. При этом теоретическая модель прогнозировала более существенное сокращение, что указывает на влияние особенностей реализации и сетевой среды. Сравнение CUBIC и BBR выявило преимущество BBR при передаче файлов малого объёма. Несмотря на сложность конфигурирования HTTP/3, переход оправдан для сервисов со значительным количеством ресурсов. Ограничения эксперимента требуют расширения исследований в различных сетевых сценариях.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>QUIC</kwd><kwd>HTTP/3</kwd><kwd>протоколы транспортного уровня</kwd><kwd>алгоритмы контроля перегрузок</kwd><kwd>BBR</kwd><kwd>CUBIC</kwd><kwd>TTFB</kwd><kwd>производительность веб-приложений</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>QUIC</kwd><kwd>HTTP/3</kwd><kwd>transport layer protocols</kwd><kwd>congestion control algorithms</kwd><kwd>BBR</kwd><kwd>CUBIC</kwd><kwd>TTFB</kwd><kwd>web performance</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Авторы выражают искреннюю признательность сотрудникам кафедры «Сетевые информационные технологии и сервисы» Московского технического университета связи и информатики за поддержку в проведении исследования. Особая благодарность выражается редакционной команде журнала за внимательное отношение к рукописи, оперативное сопровождение подготовки публикации и организацию процесса рецензирования.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The authors sincerely acknowledge the Department of Network Information Technologies and Services, Moscow Technical University of Communications and Informatics, for their support in conducting this research. Special thanks are expressed to the journal editorial team for their attentive attitude to the manuscript, prompt support in the preparation of the publication, and organization of the peer-review process.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Горохова П.А. Российский рынок рекламы: состояние, структура, тенденции и перспективы развития. Государственное и муниципальное управление. 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