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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">donstu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2687-1653</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Don State Technical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23947/2687-1653-2026-26-2-2661</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">PHGHYE</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">donstu-2724</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, COMPUTER SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИНФОРМАТИКА, ВЫЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНАЯ ТЕХНИКА И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Hardware Implementation of Fuzzy Logic Based on Thermal Memory Elements for Fault-Tolerant Control in Mechanical Engineering</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Аппаратная реализация нечеткой логики на базе элементов тепловой памяти для отказоустойчивого управления в машиностроении</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8219-910X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Володина</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Volodina</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ольга Вячеславовна Володина, старший преподаватель кафедры «Динамика, прочность машин и сопротивление материалов»</p><p>107023, Российская Федерация, г. Москва, ул. Большая Семёновская, 38</p><p>ResearcherID: CAA-4321-2022</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 59787575200</p><p>SPIN-код: 4206-1927</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga V. Volodina, Senior Lecturer of the Department of Dynamics, Strength of Machines and Resistance of Materials</p><p>38, Bolshaya Semyonovskaya Str., Moscow, 107023</p><p>ResearcherID: CAA-4321-2022</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 59787575200</p><p>SPIN-code: 4206-1927</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">moosbeere_O@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9935-951X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Скворцов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Skvortsov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аркадий Алексеевич Скворцов, доктор физико-математических наук, заведующий кафедрой «Динамика, прочность машин и сопротивление материалов»</p><p>107023, Российская Федерация, г. Москва, ул. Большая Семёновская, 38</p><p>ResearcherID: J-7606-2012</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 58173684500</p><p>SPIN-код: 9022-7339</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Arkadiy A. Skvortsov, Dr.Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Head of the Department of Dynamics, Strength of Machines and Resistance of Materials</p><p>38, Bolshaya Semyonovskaya Str., Moscow, 107023</p><p>ResearcherID: J-7606-2012</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 58173684500</p><p>SPIN-code: 9022-7339</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">skvortsovaa2009@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рыбакова</surname><given-names>М. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rybakova</surname><given-names>M. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Маргарита Рушановна Рыбакова, доцент кафедры «Динамика, прочность машин и сопротивление материалов»</p><p>107023, Российская Федерация, г. Москва, ул. Большая Семёновская, 38</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 57197773520</p><p>SPIN-код: 4570-4856</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Margarita R. Rybakova, Senior Lecturer of the Department of Dynamics, Strength of Machines and Resistance of Materials</p><p>38, Bolshaya Semyonovskaya Str., Moscow, 107023</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 57197773520</p><p>SPIN-code: 4570-4856</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sopr_kaf@mospolytech.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9722-5633</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Корячко</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Koryachko</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Марина Валерьевна Корячко, кандидат физико-математических наук, доцент кафедры «Высшая математика-3» МИРЭА — РТУ</p><p>119454, Российская Федерация, г. Москва, пр. Вернадского, 78</p><p>ResearcherID: F-7539-2019</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 56376049800</p><p>SPIN-код: 3171-2372</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marina V. Koryachko, Cand.Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Associate Professor of the Department of Higher Mathematics-3, Russian Technological University — MIREA</p><p>78, Vernadsky Ave., Moscow, 119454</p><p>ResearcherID: F-7539-2019</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 56376049800</p><p>SPIN-code: 3171-2372</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">m.v.koryachko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский политехнический университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow Polytechnic University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский политехнический университет; Российский технологический университет — МИРЭА</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow Polytechnic University; Russian Technological University — MIREA</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>2661</fpage><lpage>2661</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Volodina O.V., Skvortsov A.A., Rybakova M.R., Koryachko M.V., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Володина О.В., Скворцов А.А., Рыбакова М.Р., Корячко М.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Volodina O.V., Skvortsov A.A., Rybakova M.R., Koryachko M.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/2724">https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/2724</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The automation of high-temperature processes (for example, laser welding) requires fault-tolerant real-time control systems. Traditional microprocessors exhibit critical software latencies, while promising in-memory computing platforms (MRAM, RRAM) are subject to thermal instability and state drift in hot zones. There is a significant scientific gap in the development of controllers capable of utilizing heat transfer physics as a computational medium, thereby converting thermal interference into a useful logic signal. This study is aimed at the computer modeling of heat flows in thermal memory elements (TME) to justify the hardware implementation of fuzzy logic inference. The research addresses the tasks of the topological formation of AND/OR logic gates and the analysis of the impact of dielectric insulation on the weight parameter adjustment.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. The investigation of thermal processes in memory cells (a 2–5 µm aluminum film on a silicon substrate) was conducted by the finite element method in the Transient Thermal module of ANSYS Workbench. The cells were fabricated via vacuum electron-beam evaporation: aluminum tracks 75 µm wide and 4 mm long were formed on the silicon substrate. The structures were subjected to rectangular current pulses with a current density amplitude of (2–2.5) ⋅ 10¹⁰ A/m² and a duration of 1–2 ms; the local heating of the structures reached up to 30°C. To implement AND and OR logic gates, the interelement distances were topologically varied to 0.1 mm and 0.5 mm, respectively. Furthermore, SiO₂ dielectric pockets with a depth of 30 µm were introduced into the design for directional heat flow control.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Based on the developed computer models in ANSYS Workbench, a comprehensive study of non-stationary thermal fields in TME structures was conducted. It is proven that the integration of SiO₂ dielectric insulation effectively controls the direction and power of the heat flow, eliminating parasitic energy dissipation. The modeling physically substantiates the feasibility of hardware formation of a fuzzy inference rule base directly within the crystal topology. It is established that varying the interelement distances is the key factor in logic setting: a distance of 0.1 mm between the input and output elements provides the realization of the OR logic operation, whereas a 0.5 mm distance corresponds to the AND operation.</p></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>Discussion. The data obtained confirm that thermal field superposition enables delay-free fuzzy logic operations. The logic gate models developed exhibit response times (1–2 ms) that are an order of magnitude lower than those of standard PLC (20–50 ms). In contrast to phase-change memory (PCM), the proposed method demonstrates robustness against external temperature noise through the algorithmic correction of logic thresholds. The primary limitation of this study is the thermal inertia of the silicon substrate, which accounts for a 5–7% discrepancy between the ANSYS simulation results and in-situ experiments.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The findings validate the feasibility of hardware-based topological design for a fuzzy inference rule base and the practical implementation of in-memory computing. This opens up promising prospects for integrating peripheral artificial intelligence (Edge AI) directly into the hot zones of industrial equipment.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Автоматизация высокотемпературных процессов (например, лазерной сварки) требует отказоустойчивых систем управления в реальном времени. Традиционные микропроцессоры имеют критические программные задержки, а перспективные платформы вычислений в памяти (MRAM, RRAM) подвержены термической нестабильности и дрейфу состояний в горячих зонах. Существует научный пробел в знаниях о разработке контроллеров, использующих физику теплопереноса в качестве вычислительной среды, превращая тепловую помеху в логический сигнал. Цель данной работы — компьютерное моделирование тепловых потоков в элементах тепловой памяти (ЭТП) для обоснования аппаратной реализации нечеткого вывода. В исследовании решаются задачи топологического формирования вентилей AND/OR и анализа влияния диэлектрической изоляции на настройку весовых параметров.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Исследование тепловых процессов в ячейках памяти (алюминиевая плёнка, 2–5 мкм, на кремниевой подложке) были проведены методом конечных элементов в модуле Transient Thermal платформы ANSYS Workbench. Ячейки изготовлены методом вакуумного электронно-лучевого испарения: алюминиевые дорожки шириной 75 мкм и длиной 4 мм формировались на подложке кремния. Воздействие осуществлялось прямоугольными токовыми импульсами с амплитудой тока (2–2,5) ⋅ 10¹⁰ А/м² и длительностью 1–2 мс, локальный нагрев структур доходил до 30 °C. Для реализации логических вентилей AND и OR менялись межэлементные расстояния — 0,1 и 0,5 мм соответственно — топологическим способом. Для направленного управления тепловыми потоками в конструкцию были введены диэлектрические карманы из SiO₂ глубиной 30 мкм.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты исследования</title><p>Результаты исследования. На основе разработанных компьютерных моделей в среде ANSYS Workbench проведено комплексное исследование нестационарных тепловых полей в структурах ЭТП. Доказано, что внедрение диэлектрической изоляции из SiO2 позволяет эффективно управлять направлением и мощностью теплового потока, исключая паразитное рассеивание энергии. В ходе моделирования физически обоснована возможность аппаратного формирования базы правил нечеткого вывода непосредственно в топологии кристалла. Установлено, что варьирование межэлементных расстояний является ключевым фактором настройки логики: дистанция в 0,1 мм между входными и выходным элементами обеспечивает реализацию логической операции OR, а дистанция 0,5 мм — операции AND.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение</title><p>Обсуждение. Полученные данные подтверждают, что использование пространственного наложения тепловых полей позволяет реализовать нечеткие операции без программных задержек. Время реакции разработанных моделей логических вентилей (1–2 мс) на порядок превосходит показатели стандартных программируемых логических контроллеров (ПЛК) — 20–50 мс. В отличие от памяти на фазовых переходах предложенный метод демонстрирует устойчивость к внешним температурным помехам за счет алгоритмической коррекции логических порогов. Основным ограничением работы является тепловая инерционность кремниевой подложки, которая обуславливает расхождение между результатами моделирования в ANSYS и натурными экспериментами на уровне 5–7 %.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Полученные результаты подтверждают возможность аппаратного задания топологии базы правил нечеткого вывода и реализацию вычислений в памяти (in-memory computing). Это открывает перспективы для внедрения периферийного искусственного интеллекта (Edge AI) непосредственно в горячие зоны промышленного оборудования.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>тепловая память</kwd><kwd>нечеткая логика</kwd><kwd>аппаратный логический вывод</kwd><kwd>фаззификация</kwd><kwd>вычисления в памяти</kwd><kwd>кремниевые структуры</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>thermal memory</kwd><kwd>fuzzy logic</kwd><kwd>hardware fuzzy inference</kwd><kwd>fuzzification</kwd><kwd>in-memory computing</kwd><kwd>silicon structures</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено в рамках гранта Российского научного фонда РНФ № 25-79-10123. Авторы выражают признательность доктору физико-математических наук, профессору Каленкову С.Г. и доктору технических наук, профессору Бескопыльному А.Н. за стимулирующие дискуссии. Также благодарим редакционную команду журнала и рецензента за компетентную экспертизу и ценные рекомендации по улучшению статьи.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, grant No. 25-79-10123. The authors would like to thank Professor S.G. Kalenkov, Dr.Sci. (Physics-Mathematics), and Professor A.N. Beskopylny, Dr.Sci. (Engineering), for stimulating discussions. We also appreciate the Journal editorial team and the reviewer for their professional assessment and valuable recommendations for improving the article.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Praveen Kumar Reddy Maddikunta, Quoc Viet Pham, Prabadevi B, N Deepa, Kapal Dev, Thippa Reddy Gadekallu, et al. Industry 5.0: A Survey on Enabling Technologies and Potential Applications. 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