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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">donstu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2687-1653</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Don State Technical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23947/2687-1653-2026-26-3-2751</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">TGIIXG</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">donstu-2825</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MECHANICS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕХАНИКА</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Neural Network Technology for Monitoring the Damaged State of an Extended Structure Based on Analysis of Non-stationary Waves</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Нейросетевая технология мониторинга поврежденного состояния протяженной конструкции на основе анализа нестационарных волн</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4387-2375</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абраха</surname><given-names>О. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abraha</surname><given-names>O. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Окбазги Кибреаб Абраха, аспирант кафедры «Теоретическая и прикладная механика» Донского государственного технического университета; преподаватель Колледжа науки Эритрейского института технологий</p><p>344003, г. Ростов-на-Дону, пл. Гагарина, 1</p><p>Май-Нэфхи, Эритрея</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 59966914600</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Okbazghi Kibreab Abraha, Postgraduate Student of the Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Don State Technical University; Lecturer, College of Science, Eritrea Institute of Technology</p><p>1, Gagarin Square, Rostov-on-Don, 344003</p><p>Mai Nefhi, Eritrea</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 59966914600</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">okbazghikibreab@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8465-5554</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соловьев</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Soloviev</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аркадий Николаевич Соловьев, доктор физико-математических наук, доцент, профессор кафедры «Теоретическая и прикладная механика»</p><p>344003, г. Ростов-на-Дону, пл. Гагарина, 1</p><p>ResearcherID: H-7906-2016</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 55389991900</p><p>SPIN-код: 8087-8998</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Arkadiy N. Soloviev, Dr.Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics</p><p>1, Gagarin Square, Rostov-on-Don, 344003</p><p>ResearcherID: H-7906-2016</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 55389991900</p><p>SPIN-code: 8087-8998</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">solovievarc@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Донской государственный технический университет; Колледж науки, Эритрейский институт технологий</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Don State Technical University; College of Science, Eritrea Institute of Technology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Донской государственный технический университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Don State Technical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>06</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>2751</fpage><lpage>2751</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Abraha O.K., Soloviev A.N., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Абраха О.К., Соловьев А.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Abraha O.K., Soloviev A.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/2825">https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/2825</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Destruction of the surface layer of concrete structures caused by an aggressive environment is one of the most common types of damage that require remote and automatic monitoring. Acoustic non-destructive testing methods can address this problem. However, the existing approaches, including the contour line intersection method we previously developed, demonstrate instability in the low-porosity region (less than 15%) because of the weak dependence of signal amplitude on time. So, we identified a problem that existing methods cannot reliably identify damage parameters across the whole range of values. The objective of this work is to develop a neural network technology for the robust identification of the depth and porosity of the damaged layer of an extended structure based on the analysis of non-stationary waves, which determines the uniqueness and scientific novelty of the study.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. The study is based on numerical simulation. The mechanical model is a two-layer elastic anisotropic strip of thickness H = 1 cm with an upper damaged layer modeled as a porous composite whose effective properties calculated in the ACELAN-COMPOS package. The damage parameters are layer thickness h (0.05–0.3 cm) and porosity p (10–80%). A piezoelectric actuator and sensor made of PZT-4 ceramics with vertical polarization are placed on the surface of the strip. Non-stationary waves are excited by a potential difference on the actuator and recorded by the sensor. To obtain training data, a series of direct problems for 48 parameter combinations were solved using the finite element method in the ACELAN package with quadratic triangular elements (mesh: 5,616 elements; 12,155 nodes). Based on cubic interpolation, training (10,000 points) and test (40,000 points) datasets were generated. A feedforward neural network, a multilayer perceptron with four hidden layers (128-64-32-16 neurons), ReLU activation function, dropout layers (20%), and Adam optimizer was constructed and a weighted loss function was used to reduce positive asymmetry in predictions.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. On the independent test set, the trained network achieves a mean absolute error of 2.433% for porosity and 0.121 mm for depth (R² = 0.977 and 0.910, respectively). In the low-porosity region (p &lt; 15%), the error is 0.405% for porosity and 0.173 mm for depth with a bias of only +0.188%, confirming the reliability of the approach in the region. All 40,000 test points yield unique two-dimensional signatures, empirically confirming the uniqueness of the inverse problem solution.</p></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>Discussion. The obtained data confirm that the proposed neural network technology overcomes the fundamental limitation of the contour line intersection method, providing stable predictions across the entire porosity range. The use of a weighted loss function effectively reduces systematic overestimation of porosity predictions. A limitation of the approach is the assumption of constant porosity along the depth and length of the layer. Accounting for inhomogeneities would require solving an inverse problem of significantly higher complexity. In future work, we plan to move beyond just two extracted features and instead use the full time-domain signal, possibly with convolutional architectures.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The neural network technology developed in this research provides an effective method of identification of damage parameters across the entire range of values, overcoming the limitations of existing methods. The obtained results confirm the applicability of the proposed approach for acoustic monitoring systems of extended concrete structures.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Разрушение поверхностного слоя бетонных конструкций под воздействием агрессивной среды относится к числу наиболее распространенных видов повреждений, требующих дистанционного автоматизированного мониторинга. Для решения данной задачи могут применяться акустические методы неразрушающего контроля. Вместе с тем существующие подходы, в том числе ранее разработанный нами метод пересечения контурных линий, характеризуются недостаточной устойчивостью в области низкой пористости — менее 15 % — вследствие слабой зависимости амплитуды сигнала от времени. В связи с этим была выявлена проблема, заключающаяся в том, что применяемые методы не обеспечивают надежного определения параметров повреждения во всем диапазоне их значений. Цель настоящей работы — разработка нейросетевой технологии устойчивой идентификации глубины и пористости поврежденного слоя протяженной конструкции на основе анализа нестационарных волн; это определяет уникальность и научную новизну исследования.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Исследование выполнено на основе численного моделирования. В качестве механической модели рассматривается двухслойная упругая анизотропная полоса толщиной H = 1 см с верхним поврежденным слоем, моделируемым пористым композитом, эффективные свойства которого рассчитаны в пакете ACELAN-COMPOS. Параметрами повреждения являются толщина слоя h (0,05–0,3 см) и пористость p (10–80 %). На поверхности полосы расположены пьезоэлектрические актуатор и сенсор из керамики PZT-4 с вертикальной поляризацией. Нестационарные волны возбуждаются разностью потенциалов на актуаторе и регистрируются сенсором. Для получения обучающих данных методом конечных элементов в пакете ACELAN с использованием квадратичных треугольных элементов (сетка: 5616 элементов, 12 155 узлов) решена серия прямых задач для 48 сочетаний параметров. На основе кубической интерполяции сгенерированы обучающий (10 000 точек) и тестовый (40 000 точек) наборы данных. Построена нейронная сеть прямого распространения — многослойный персептрон с четырьмя скрытыми слоями (128–64–32–16 нейронов), функцией активации ReLU, слоями дропаута (20 %) и оптимизатором Adam; для уменьшения положительной асимметрии прогнозов использована взвешенная функция потерь.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты исследования</title><p>Результаты исследования. На независимом тестовом наборе обученная сеть достигает средней абсолютной ошибки 2,433 % для пористости и 0,121 мм для глубины (R² = 0,977 и 0,910 соответственно). В области низкой пористости (p &lt; 15 %) ошибка составляет 0,405 % для пористости и 0,173 мм для глубины при смещении всего +0,188 %, что подтверждает надежность подхода в данной области. Все 40 000 тестовых точек дают уникальные двумерные сигнатуры, что эмпирически подтверждает единственность решения обратной задачи.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение</title><p>Обсуждение. Полученные данные подтверждают, что предложенная нейросетевая технология позволяет преодолеть фундаментальное ограничение метода пересечения контурных линий, обеспечивая устойчивое прогнозирование во всем диапазоне значений пористости. Использование взвешенной функции потерь эффективно снижает систематическое завышение прогнозируемых значений данного параметра. Ограничением предложенного подхода остается допущение о постоянстве пористости по глубине и длине поврежденного слоя. Учет пространственных неоднородностей потребует решения обратной задачи существенно более высокой сложности. В дальнейших исследованиях планируется выйти за рамки анализа только двух выделенных признаков и перейти к использованию полного временного сигнала, в том числе с применением сверточных архитектур.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Разработанная в данном исследовании нейросетевая технология обеспечивает эффективный метод идентификации параметров повреждения во всем диапазоне значений, преодолевая ограничения существующих методов. Полученные результаты подтверждают применимость предложенного подхода для систем акустического мониторинга протяженных бетонных конструкций.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>обратная задача</kwd><kwd>акустический мониторинг</kwd><kwd>пьезоэлектрический датчик</kwd><kwd>нейронные сети</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>inverse problem</kwd><kwd>acoustic monitoring</kwd><kwd>piezoelectric sensor</kwd><kwd>neural networks</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации, соглашение № 075-02-2026-1313.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (Agreement No. 075-02-2026-1313).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fan Li, Daming Luo, Ditao Niu. 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